Substance abuse prevention


Substance abuse prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention, is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A concept that is known as "environmental prevention" focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand. Individual Substance Abuse Prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances. The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual. The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual's necessities which can also vary.
Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults — especially between 12–35 years of age. Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, coke, methamphetamine, steroids, club drugs, and opioids. Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone. It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone.

Protective and risk factors

and internal are two main factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder. Environmental factors in the individual's adolescence include: child abuse, exposure to substances, lack of supervision, media influence, and peer pressure. Drug activity in an individual's community may normalize the usage of drugs. The result of substance use can be caused due to stressful situations within household which can result of learned behavior of the is of substances to cope. Similarly. if an individual is placed through treatment and then placed back into the same environment that they left, there is a great chance that person will relapse to their previous behavior. Internal factors, which are personality-based or psychological, include low self-esteem, poor social skills, stress, attitudes about drugs, and mental disorders. A few more factors that contribute to teen drug abuse are lack of or poor parent to child communication, unsupervised accessibility of alcohol at home, having too much freedom and being left alone for long periods of time. Additionally, there is evidence that gender moderates the effect of family, school and peer factors on adolescent substance use. For example, some studies report that not living with both biological parents or having poor parent-adolescent communication is associated with substance use, especially in female adolescents.
Main risk periods for substance use occur during major transitions in a child's life. Some of these transitional periods that could increase the possibility of youth using drugs are puberty, moving, divorce, leaving the security of the home, and entering school. School transitions such as those from elementary to middle school or middle school to high school can be times that children and teenagers make new friends and are more susceptible to fall into environments where there are drugs available. One recent study found that by the time students are seniors in high school, "almost 70 percent will have tried alcohol, half will have taken an illegal drug, nearly 40 percent will have smoked a cigarette, and more than 20 percent will have used a prescription drug for a nonmedical purpose". Binge drinking has also, been shown to increase once an individual leaves the home to attend college or live on their own.
Most youths do not progress towards regular, heavy substance use after experimentation. Research has shown, when drug use begins at an early age, there is a greater possibility for addiction to occur. Three exacerbating factors that can influence substance use to become substance use are social approval, lack of perceived risks, and availability of drugs in the community. Youths from certain demographics are also at higher risk for addiction. These groups include those suffering from a mental illness and who comes from a family history of addiction. Yet, some teens living with prove that there is not always a causal relationship between mental illness and a substance use disorder. Moreover, when addiction occurs, youth are more likely to require teen rehab as a form of treatment. Most young adults have a false perception that they may be invincible. These individuals believe changes won't be made until an extreme event happens i.e. a friend overdoses, a car accident or even death. Even then it is not likely that they will see the correlation between use and trauma.
Substance use includes risk factors that correlate to one's health that can include HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B virus, and Hepatitis C virus. These viral infections can be easily be spread by injections from needles.

Plans on preventing substance use

Family based prevention programs

"Prevention programs can strengthen protective factors among young children by teaching parents better family communication skills, appropriate discipline styles, firm, and consistent rule enforcement, and other family management approaches. Research confirms the benefits of parents providing consistent rules and discipline, talking to children about drugs, monitoring their activities, getting to know their friends, understanding their problems and concerns, and being involved in their learning. The importance of the parent-child relationship continues through adolescence and beyond". Research has been done showing that the measures taken within family prevention has been shown to reduce the risk of substance abuse.
Smit, Verdurmen, Monshouwer, and Smil conducted research analysis to measure the effectiveness of family interventions about teen and adolescence drug and alcohol use. According to their data, use of alcohol and other drugs is very common in Western societies. For example, 18% of the young adults between the ages of 12–14 years old in the US have indulged in binge drinking. According to quantities in 2006, 73% of 16-year-old US students were reported having used alcohol; In Northern Europe, this is 90%. Since early use of alcohol and other substances may cause serious health, immediate solutions to these problem are required.

School-based prevention programs

There are a number of community-based prevention programs and classes that aim to educate children and families about the harms of substance use. Schools began introducing substance use-oriented classes for students as early as preschool. Incorporating prevention studies into classroom curricula at a young age has been shown to break early behaviors that may signal an increased risk of developing a substance use disorder. Around 40% of children have tried alcohol by the time that they are ten.
Many organizations educate, advocate, and collaborate to prevent substance use. Some programs may begin by allowing students to be interactive and learn skills such as how to refuse drugs. This is proven to be a more effective method than strictly educational or non-interactive ones. When direct influences and indirect influences are addressed, the program is better able to cover broad social influences that most programs do not consider. Programs that encourage a social commitment to abstain from drugs show lower rates of drug use. Getting the community outside of the school to participate and also using peer leaders to facilitate the interactions tend to be an effective facet of these programs. Even though adolescents are frequently aware of the negative consequences of substance use, they may start and maintain this habit. Adolescents, their parents, and other family members are the focus of comprehensive preventive and control programs in schools and the community. These effective actions help promote children's development of a positive sense of self-worth and sufficiency, to stop adolescent risk behavior, and to help them build strong, healthy coping skills. Lastly, teaching youth and adolescents skills that increase resistance skills in social situations may increase protective factors in that population.

Community prevention programs

Prevention programs work at the community level with civic, religious, law enforcement, and other government organizations to enhance anti-drug norms and pro-social behaviors. Many programs help with prevention efforts across settings to help send messages through school, work, religious institutions, and the media. Research has shown that programs that reach youth through multiple settings can remarkably influence community norms. Community-based programs also typically include the development of policies or enforcement of regulations, mass media efforts, and community-wide awareness programs. Increasing health education in the community also plays a role in helping to decrease the consequences of substance use.
On a community level, established safe injection sites that provide a hygienic space supervised by licensed healthcare professionals allow for safe monitoring of participants and provide health education and care to prevent overdose. Another way to help prevent overdose, especially regarding opioids, is the increased access and knowledge of naloxone. Naloxone is the standard opioid overdose reversal agent. Studies show Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution programs decrease the rate of rate of deaths from opioid overdose. Naloxone comes in different routes of administration such as, an injection that's administered intravenously, intramuscular, or subcutaneously and a nasal spray. Naloxone injection and the nasal spray are both commonly used in adults and children who are going through drug overdose because it is successful in reversing the overdose effects As a safety precaution, patients taking opioids are recommended to always carry naloxone with them and should replace the naloxone regularly, via reference to the expiration date. Research has shown that extra effort in providing incentives, flexible schedules, personal contact, and the public support of important community leaders helps attract and retain program participants.