Drug disposal
Drug disposal is the discarding of drugs. Individuals commonly dispose of unused drugs that remain after the end of medical treatment. Health care organizations dispose of drugs on a larger scale for a range of reasons, including having leftover drugs after treating patients and discarding of expired drugs. Failure to properly dispose of drugs creates opportunities for others to take them inappropriately. Inappropriate disposal of drugs can also cause drug pollution.
People dispose of drugs in various ways; even organizations with expertise on drugs may give inconsistent information to consumers about drug disposal. Proper waste management system including distribution, control, and disposal not only helps the Healthcare Centres but also promote environmental health.
Reasons for disposal of drugs
Medical authorities advise that consumers not store any drug that they would not have a reason at present to possess. Storing drugs creates a possibility that someone will use them inappropriately and suffer harm. Accidental ingestion of medications prescribed for another individual is a leading source of poisonings in American households. According to Poison Control Centers in the United States, in 2007 approximately 23,783 of 255,732 cases involving inappropriate medication use were associated with inadvertent exposure. 5,000 of these cases involved children under the age of 6 years old. Due to the variations in the way children's bodies metabolize drugs, medication poisoning in children can be extremely fatal.Methods for disposal
Disposal for individuals and communities
The most obvious way for individuals to dispose of drugs is through the household waste management service. Experts advise checking other options first because simply discarding drugs with other trash creates the possibility that someone could use them and be harmed. Medical authorities recommend against disposing of drugs by passing them on to other consumers.The best source of local advice will be the community pharmacy. Pharmacies already handle drugs and will recommend what sort of disposal method is most appropriate. Many pharmacies will collect drugs and dispose of them as a community service. Some regions have special government services that offer to take back and dispose of drugs. Sometimes, either a pharmacy or government service will provide a way to mail drugs to a special drug disposal facility. If there are no other options and one must put drugs into the trash, a recommended safer way to do so is by mixing the drug with unattractive trash. Putting pills into the toilet can cause drug pollution, but this might be justified as a way to quickly dispose of dangerous drugs.
There have been many attempts in the United States to encourage consumers to bring their leftover drugs to disposal centers. Some examples of disposal programs include having a special event at a community center with prior advertisements for people to bring their drugs to the event, or otherwise educating individuals and concerned organizations about the correct way to dispose of drugs. One study reviewing the efficacy of these programs found that their impact was too low to have the desired result of decreasing community access to leftover drugs.
Disposal for organizations and industry
Disposal of large amounts of drugs can cause drug pollution and negatively impact the environment. Organizations might choose to dispose of large amounts of drugs by returning them to the manufacturer, putting them in landfills, using Incineration, or dumping the drugs into sewers.Disposal of controversial drugs
Drugs associated with substance abuse and prohibited drugs receive special attention in their disposal. The police might seize such drugs as contraband, and then have to destroy them. In other cases, some legal drugs create risks for abuse and need more attention in disposal than drugs that are not attractive for abuse. It is challenging for governments to discuss how to properly dispose of controversial drugs.One small regional study in the United States reported the outcomes of a public health program to take back unused opioids. This study found that individuals who returned opioids tended to return more than half of what they were prescribed, which could be an indication that these people had twice as much medication as they wanted. The study was too limited to form a general conclusion, but it provided information to guide further discussion and research on whether people would participate in opioid take-back programs, what sorts of drugs are more likely to be returned, and how much people would return.
There is a list of medications in which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends to be disposed of via flushing down the toilet if consumers are unable to take these drugs to a drug take-back program. These medications contain controlled substances that are dangerous to pets and other people in the home and should be disposed of immediately when no longer needed. Examples include Dilaudid tablets, fentanyl patches and morphine sulfate oral solution. In 2016, a Harvard University study found unsafe levels of poly-fluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances in the drinking water of 6 million Americans. These products should immediately flush due to high potential for abuse and overdose.
Worldwide drug disposal practices
European Union
In 2001, the European Parliament released a Directive regarding the disposal practices of medicinal products. Directive 2001/83/EC stated that the outer packaging of medications needed to include special disposal precautions. In 2004, the EU put out another directive that further clarified the 2001 directive and called for establishment of medication collection protocols and information regarding specific collection protocols for the state or country be placed on the packaging.United Kingdom
As outlined in National Health Service SI 2014/349: The National Health Service Regulations 2013, local pharmacies are obligated to take back unused and unwanted medications generated in the home. Per these same regulations, pharmacies are responsible for sorting the medications and returning them to the NHS.Canada
Canada has no specific nationwide drug take back or disposal policy, but most provinces have individual plans. Most pharmacies in Canada can take back unused and expired medications any day of the year.Australia
According to the Return Unwanted Medicines project in Australia, many of the medicines can be placed directly in the disposal bins except for opioids which must be stored separately. The pharmacist must be known as sorting material of medications for appropriate disposal.Asian Regions
Unused or Expired medications are stored in the households and disposed of in the trash or flushed into the toilets among the Asian countries such as Malaysia, Bangladesh, Thailand.National Regulations in the United States
In the United States, used prescriptions are serious safety concerns because they can be accidentally ingested, overdosed or diverted for illegal use.To address these concerns, the Drug Enforcement Administration created the National Take Back Initiative. Drug Take-Back Days occur twice annually in April and October. The take-back events are part of a mission to create safe medication disposal sites, prevent drug diversion or transfer of the prescribed drug for illicit use, and provide education for the public. In April 2021, the program reported the collection of of drugs at 5,060 sites around the country. Additionally, The National Association of Drug Diversion Investigators sponsors a website to locate Rx Drug Drop Boxes for safe medication disposal outside of National [Prescription Drug Take-Back Day|National Prescription Drug Take-Back Days].
Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010
approved an amendment to the Controlled Substances Act in 2010. The law provides the DEA with the option to develop a permanent process for people to safely and conveniently dispose of their prescription drugs. President Barack Obama signed the Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010, and the DEA immediately began installing regulations for a more permanent solution. The law prohibits the disposal of controlled substances unless a member of law enforcement has authorization from the DEA to directly receive and dispose of the controlled substance. This bars drug take-back programs from being able to receive and dispose of controlled medications for members of the public, which in turn can lead to the potential misuse of these drugs. Misuse of prescription medications has been a growing epidemic, with deaths from opioids quadrupling since 1999. It was shown that in 2006, about 1/3 of new prescription drug abusers were 12-17-year-olds.With these statistics, Congress decided to take an active role in trying to make drug take-back programs more readily available. Therefore, the "Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010" was created to allow the Attorney General permission in creating new policies to provide citizens "convenient and safe" disposal of their unwanted medications to authorized people or facilities. Congress created this act with a goal of preventing drug diversion and environmental harm/pollution by these drugs.