Donald Stuss
Donald Thomas Stuss was a Canadian neuropsychologist who studied the frontal lobes of the human brain. He also directed the Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest from 1989 until 2009 and the Ontario Brain Institute from 2011 until 2016.
Life
Donald Stuss was born on September 26, 1941, in Sudbury, Ontario, and grew up in Kitchener-Waterloo. After graduating from high school, he entered a monastery run by the Basilian Fathers in Mundare, Alberta. After 6 years of study and contemplation, he decided that he was better suited to a more active life and studied philosophy at the University of Ottawa. After several years of teaching he then returned to obtain his doctorate in psychology with Terence Picton at the University of Ottawa. He then did a postdoctoral fellowship at the Aphasia Research Center in the Boston Veteran's Administration Hospital where he worked with Frank Benson, Harold Goodglass, and Edith Kaplan, before returning to the University of Ottawa in 1978. In 1989 he moved to Toronto to direct the new Rotman Research Institute established by Joseph Rotman to investigate the cerebral basis of memory and its disorders.Research
While in Boston, Stuss worked with D. Frank Benson and other colleagues on an extensive study of the neuropsychological consequences of frontal leucotomy. The results of this investigation were published in a sequence of papers and then summarized in the 1986 book The Frontal Lobes. This study triggered Stuss's lifelong interest in the human frontal lobes. In Boston he also started to work with the neurologist Mick Alexander. Their first study together concerned Capgras delusion, which causes a patient to believe that close family members have been replaced by imposters. Alexander et al. pointed out that this can be caused by a combination of frontal lobe damage and right hemisphere dysfunction. The collaboration between Stuss and Alexander would continue productively for the next 40 years.In Ottawa, Stuss became interested in the neuropsychological sequelae of traumatic brain injury. He realized that even though the patients did very well on structured tests, they found it difficult to set appropriate goals, plan real-life behaviour, sustain attention and monitor their own performance. These patients had great difficulty returning to their work and to their family. One of the characteristic findings was a variability of performance on simple reaction time. This was very similar to what happens to patients with nontraumatic lesions of the prefrontal cortex and its connections. He and his colleagues demonstrated these deficits, and worked on ways to help such patients regain a normal life.
In Toronto, Stuss and his colleagues Mick Alexander, Terence Picton and Tim Shallice set up a test battery of simple reaction-time tests to study disorders of attention in normally aging subjects, patients with frontal lobe damage, and patients with traumatic brain injury. Using accurate measurements of lesion-extent in patients with frontal lobe damage he and his colleagues proposed that the prefrontal cortex does not act as a nonspecific cognitive processor, but that multiple localized regions of the prefrontal cortex each perform specific cognitive processes. Over the years, among the many localized functions of the prefrontal cortex, Stuss came to focus on five:
- Superior medial frontal regions activate or “energize” other cognitive functions
- Left lateral frontal regions are essential to task-setting and planning
- Right lateral frontal regions are involved in monitoring performance
- The Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in emotional processing and behavioural regulation
- Frontopolar regions are critical for metacognitive aspects of human behavior
- autonoetic consciousness
- theory of mind
- self-awareness
- humour appreciation
Books
- Stuss & Benson The Frontal Lobes
- Stuss, Winocur & Robertson Cognitive neurorehabilitation.
- Stuss & Knight ''Principles of Frontal Lobe Function.''
Scientific administration
Stuss was the founding president and Scientific Director of the Ontario Brain Institute from 2011 until 2016. During this time he set up a productive and collaborative network of research on the brain, conjointly funded by government, industry and academia. The institute has had remarkable success in its data sharing among researchers in different locations and in different disciplines.