Doi Suthep–Pui National Park
Doi Suthep–Pui National Park is a national park in Chiang Mai Province in Thailand. It includes Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, a Buddhist temple, and Bhubing Palace, the winter residence of the Thai royal family. The park is a protected area for flora, fauna, and habitat.
History
The former name of the area is Doi Aoi Chang. The name Doi Suthep was inspired by a hermit named Prarusiwa Suthep who once lived in the local forest. In 1973, the Royal Forest Department proposed that this and 13 other forests be designated national parks. It became the 24th national park of Thailand when it was official established on 14 April 1981. Today it includes 160,812 rai ~ of territory.Geography and climate
The mountainous landscape is part of the Thanon Thong Chai Range. The three main peaks are Doi Suthep, Doi Buak Ha, and Doi Pui, the latter of which is tallest at. The climate is cool, with an average temperature around. Low winter temperatures can reach. Late summer is the rainy season, with daily precipitation.Flora
More than 2,000 species of vascular plants have been documented in the national park.The park is forested, with evergreen forest above and deciduous forest below. Mixed deciduous-evergreen forest occurs in gullies and along streams. Common trees include oaks, dipterocarps, and trees of the magnolia family. There are many waterfalls.
The forests in the park are divided into two main types of forests. Deciduous forests are found up to about 900-1,000 meters above sea level, while lower montane evergreen forests are found starting from about 900-1,000 meters above sea level.
The dipterocarp deciduous forest is primarily composed of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Shorea siamensis, and Shorea obtusa. The oak species Quercus kerrii is also found in the deciduous forest. Other major non-dipterocarp tree species in the deciduous forest are Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia mucronata, Terminalia alata, and Vitex peduncularis.
The pine tree Pinus kesiya is found at higher elevations.
The montane evergreen forest primarily consists of Schima wallichii, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Castanopsis tribuloides, Magnolia baillonii, Magnolia garrettii, among other tree species. Tectona grandis and Cassia fistula used to be common, but are no longer widely found due to centuries of logging.
Fungi
The park is home to diverse fungi species, many of which may be undescribed or have only been recently described.Fungi in the park primarily belong to the families Boletaceae, Agaricaceae and Russulaceae. A 2007 survey found 30 species of ascomycetes and 228 species of basidiomycetes in the forests surrounding Chiang Mai city.
Different species and genera tend to occupy different ecological niches:
- dry dipterocarp forests: Russula, Boletus, and Amanita
- wet dipterocarp forests: Amanita, Lactarius, and Russula
- pine forests: Lactarius and Amanita
- oak forests: Russula, Lactarius, Amanita, and Boletus
Dozens of wild fungi species are locally harvested for human consumption. Mushrooms are often collected from dipterocarp forest floors during the rainy season from June to October. They include:
| Species | Local Thai name |
| Amanita chepangiana | hed kai kao เห็ดไข่ขาว |
| Amanita hemibapha | hed kai luang เห็ดไข่เหลือง |
| Amanita princeps | hed kai kao เห็ดไข่ขาว |
| Astraeus hygrometricus | hed phor เห็ดเผาะ |
| Boletus firmus | hed nam pheung เห็ดน้ำผึ้ง |
| Cantharellus cibarius | hed kamin yai เห็ดขมิ้นใหญ่; hed mun pu yai |
| Cantharellus minor | hed kamin lek เห็ดขมิ้นเล็ก |
| Craterellus aureus | hef kamin luang krob เห็ดขมิ้นเหลืองกรอบ |
| Craterellus odoratus | hed kamin nang เห็ดขมิ้นหนัง |
| Heimiella retispora | hed pod maa |
| Heimiella subretispora | hed pod maa |
| Lactarius glaucescens | hed khaa |
| Lactarius piperatus | hed khing เห็ดขิง |
| Lactarius subpiperatus | |
| Lactarius volemus | hed faang เห็ดฟาง |
| Mycoamaranthus cambodgensis | hed kalum maa เห็ดกะหล่ำมา |
| Phaeogyroporus portentosus | hed haa |
| Pterygellus polymorphus | |
| Russula alboareolata | hed nam paeng |
| Russula cyanoxantha | hed naa moi, hed nam maak |
| Russula densifolia | hed than lek |
| Russula lepida | hed daeng เห็ดแดง |
| Russula nigricans | hed than yai |
| Russula senecis | hed kor |
| Russula sp. | hed lom kao |
| Russula sp.1 | hed poong moo dam |
| Russula sp.2 | hed daeng เห็ดแดง |
| Russula virescens | hed lom kra khiaw |
| Russula xerampelina | hed daeng luang เห็ดแดงเหลือง |
| Sinoboletus sp. | hed pod maa lek |
However, care must be taken to distinguish edible species from local poisonous species such as Amanita exitialis, Amanita fuliginea, Amanita fuligineoides, Amanita cf. virgineoides, Cantharocybe cf. gruberi, Chlorophyllum globosum, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Clitocybe sp., Coprinopsis lagopus, Entoloma cf. caespitosum, Entoloma cf. subclitocyboides, Inocybe sp., Megacollybia cf. fallax, Panaeolus cyanescens, Russula emetica, Amanita gleocystidiosa, Cantharocybe virosa, and other poisonous species belonging to the genera Entoloma, Lactarius, and Tricholoma.
Fauna
Animals in the park include the crocodile salamander. Mammals include the common muntjac and wild boar. More than 300 species of birds have been recorded in the area, including pheasants, eagles, parrots, bulbuls and minivets.Mammals
Small mammals found in the lower montane evergreen forest include the ferret-badger, ground squirrel, noisy rat, lesser short-nosed fruit bat, while small mammals found in the deciduous forest include the common tree shrew, Burmese striped squirrel, belly-banded squirrel, white-bellied flying squirrel, chestnut white-bellied rat, yellow rajah rat, root rat, and dark-tailed subspecies of Bower's white-toothed rat.Frugivorous mammals in the park include Pallas's squirrel, red-cheeked squirrel, Phayre's flying squirrel, Burmese striped squirrel, northern treeshrew, common palm civet, masked palm civet, and northern pig-tailed macaque.
Other small mammals found in the park are Rattus tanezumi, Rattus exulans, Rhizomys pruinosus, Hylomys suillus, and Crocidura vorax.
Birds
Frugivorous birds include the black-crested bulbul, mountain bulbul, puff-throated bulbul, and ashy bulbul.In the Monthathan Waterfall area, bird species include:
- Top canopy: red-billed blue magpie, Eurasian jay, coppersmith barbet, great barbet, rosy minivet, Asian paradise flycatcher
- Middle canopy: bronzed drongo, golden-fronted leafbird, red-whiskered bulbul, sooty-headed bulbul, black-crested bulbul, ashy woodswallow, little green bee-eater
- Lower canopy: white-crested laughingthrush, lesser necklaced laughingthrush, emerald dove, blue whistling thrush, scaly-breasted partridge, grey wagtail, white wagtail
Reptiles and amphibians
Reptiles in the park include Platysternon megacephalum, Calotes emma alticristata, Pseudocalotes kakhienensis, Pseudocalotes microlepis, Gekko gecko, Ptychozoon kaengkrachanense, Tropidophorus thai, and the recently described gecko species Cyrtodactylus doisuthep. Other reptiles reported from the park include the Rough-bellied Mountain Dragon, Green Keelback, Reeve's Smooth Skink, Assam Mountain Snake, Berdmore's Water Skink, Speckled Forest Skink, Khasi Hills Keelback, Burmese False Bloodsucker, Sphenomorphus spp., and Scincella spp.Reptile and amphibian species vary according to elevation. Frog species inhabiting mountainous streams include Amolops marmoratus, Limnonectes taylori, Sylvirana nigrovittata, and Odorrana chloronota. The Doi Suthep caecilian is named after Doi Suthep. The Dwarf Bush Frog and Limborg's Frog have also been reported from the park.