List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages to understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. The binomial nomenclature used for animals and plants is largely derived from Latin and Greek words, as are some of the names used for higher taxa, such as orders and above. At the time when biologist Carl Linnaeus published the books that are now accepted as the starting point of binomial nomenclature, Latin was used in Western Europe as the common language of science, and scientific names were in Latin or Greek: Linnaeus continued this practice.
While learning Latin is now less common, it is still used by classical scholars, and for certain purposes in botany, medicine and the Roman Catholic Church, and it can still be found in scientific names. It is helpful to be able to understand the source of scientific names. Although the Latin names do not always correspond to the current English common names, they are often related, and if their meanings are understood, they are easier to recall. The binomial name often reflects limited knowledge or hearsay about a species at the time it was named. For instance Pan troglodytes, the chimpanzee, and Troglodytes troglodytes, the wren, are not necessarily cave-dwellers.
Sometimes a genus name or specific descriptor is simply the Latin or Greek name for the animal. These words may not be included in the table below if they only occur for one or two taxa. Instead, the words listed below are the common adjectives and other modifiers that repeatedly occur in the scientific names of many organisms.
Adjectives vary according to gender, and in most cases only the lemma form is listed here. 1st-and-2nd-declension adjectives end in -us, -a and -um, whereas 3rd-declension adjectives ending in -is change to -e. For example, verus is listed without the variants for Aloe vera or Galium verum.
The second part of a binomial is often a person's name in the genitive case, ending -i or -ae, such as Kaempfer's tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus kaempferi. The name may be converted into a Latinised form first, giving -ii and -iae instead.
Words that are very similar to their English forms have been omitted.
Some of the Greek transliterations given are Ancient Greek, and others are Modern Greek.
In the tables, L = Latin, G = Greek, and LG = similar in both languages.
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| Latin/Greek | Language | English | Examples | Search for titles containing the word or using the prefix: |
| L | having a distinctive flank | redwing, Turdus iliacus; Etaxalus iliacus, a beetle fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca; Rhytiphora iliaca, a beetle | – | |
| L | tiled | Mountain owl's-clover, Orthocarpus imbricatus | – – | |
| L | Indian | Malaysian tapir, Tapirus indicus | – – | |
| L | unequal | variable ladybird, Coelophora inaequalis | – | |
| L | inedible | fungus, Caloboletus inedulis | – | |
| L | unarmed, defenceless | water deer, Hydropotes inermis; henna tree, Lawsonia inermis turkey-berry, Canthium inerme; white milkwood, Sideroxylon inerme | – | |
| L | offensive | See Ingrata | – – | |
| L | unmarked | unmarked dagger moth, Acronicta innotata | ||
| L | unusual or irregular | variable burrowing asp, Atractaspis irregularis; viper's bugloss, Hadena irregularis | – | |
| L | Japanese | food wrapper plant, Mallotus japonicus; Japanese pagoda tree, Styphnolobium japonicum; Japanese spiraea, Spiraea japonica; see also [|nipponensis] | – – | |
| L iubātus | having a mane, crested | cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus; Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus purple pampas grass, Cortaderia jubata; maned forest lizard, Bronchocela jubata foxtail barley, Hordeum jubatum; Piptochaetium jubatum, a speargrass species | – – | |
| L | from Kentucky | Kentucky lady's slipper, Cypripedium kentuckiense; Kentucky lichen moth, Cisthene kentuckiensis | – |
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| Latin/Greek | Language | English | Examples | Search for titles containing the word or using the prefix: |
| vaginalis | L | sheathed, vaginal | Alyce clover, Gardnerella vaginalis | |
| L | variable | grey bunting, Emberiza variabilis | – | |
| L | varying | Chameleon shrimp, Hippolyte varians Chelidonura varians; Chelidonura varians | ||
| variegatus | L | variegated | variegated laughingthrush, Garrulax variegatus; croton, Codiaeum variegatum | – – |
| L | different, variegated, variable | lace monitor, Varanus varius; yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius barred owl, Strix varia; purple crown vetch, Securigera varia variable triplefin, Forsterygion varium; grass cerith, Bittiolum varium | – – | |
| velox, velocis | L | swift | swift fox, Vulpes velox; Velociraptor | |
| ventralis | L | ventral, of the belly | Hispaniolan parrot, Amazona ventralis; southern dwarf chameleon, Bradypodion ventrale | – |
| L | beautiful | giraffe hap, Nimbochromis venustus; beautiful pit viper, Trimeresurus venustus flamevine, Pyrostegia venusta; orchard spider, Leucauge venusta Himalayan maidenhair, Adiantum venustum; magnificent leafy moss, Plagiomnium venustum | – – | |
| vernicosa | L | varnished | varnished maxillaria, Maxillaria vernicosa | – – |
| vernus, vernalis | L | spring | spring gentian, Gentiana verna; spring pheasant's eye, Adonis vernalis; spring sneezeweed, Helenium vernale | – |
| verrucosus | L | rough-skinned | Javan warty pig, Sus verrucosus; reef stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa | – – |
| versicolor | L | many-colored | varied honeyeater, Lichenostomus versicolor; Vietnam mouse-deer, Tragulus versicolor | |
| verticillata | L | whorled | spaghetti bryozoan, Amathia verticillata; whorled plectranthus, Plectranthus verticillatus | – – |
| verus | L | true, genuine | true aloe, Aloe vera; lady's bedstraw, Galium verum | – |
| victoriae | L | Victorian | Victoria's bar, Cigaritis victoriae | |
| L | hairy, shaggy | hairy nightshade, Solanum villosum; hairy stonecrop, Sedum villosum; hairy vetch, Vicia villosa; hairy woodpecker, Picoides villosus; shaggy hawkweed, Hieracium villosum; villous deadly carrot, Thapsia villosa | – – | |
| virginiana | L | Virginia | Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana; Rosa virginiana, the Virginia rose | – |
| L | green | frog orchid, Coeloglossum viride; green alder, Alnus viridis; green wrasse, Labrus viridis | – | |
| virosus | L | poisonous | cowbane, Cicuta virosa; poisonous lettuce, Lactuca virosa | – |
| viticola | L | grape vine inhabitant or cultivator | Phomopsis viticola; Plasmopara viticola; Schizomyia viticola | |
| volans | L | flying | flying dragon, Draco volans; southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans | |
| L | common | common octopus, Octopus vulgaris; common privet, Ligustrum vulgare | – |