Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome is the collection of neurological signs and symptoms, attributed to cerebral edema, during or following shortly after intermittent hemodialysis or CRRT.
Classically, DDS arises in individuals starting hemodialysis due to end-stage chronic kidney disease and is associated, in particular, with "aggressive" dialysis. However, it may also arise in fast onset, i.e. acute kidney failure in certain conditions.
Symptoms and signs
Diagnosis of mild DDS is often complicated by other dialysis complications such as malignant hypertension, uremia, encephalopathy, subdural hemorrhage, hyper- and hypoglycaemia, or electrolyte imbalances. Presentation of moderate and severe DDS requires immediate identification and treatment as the condition can result in severe neurological issues and death.- Headache
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Confusion
- Visual disturbance
- Tremor
- Seizures
- Coma
Causes
The cause of DDS is currently not well understood. There are two theories to explain it; the first theory postulates that urea transport from the brain cells is slowed in chronic kidney disease, leading to a large urea concentration gradient, which results in reverse osmosis. The second theory postulates that organic compounds are increased in uremia to protect the brain and result in injury by, like in the first theory, reverse osmosis. More recent studies on rats noted that brain concentrations of organic osmolytes were not increased relative to baseline after rapid dialysis. Cerebral edema was thus attributed to osmotic effects related to a high urea gradient between plasma and brain.Diagnosis
Clinical signs of cerebral edema, such as focal neurological deficits, papilledema and decreased level of consciousness, if temporally associated with recent hemodialysis, suggest the diagnosis. A computed tomography of the head is typically done to rule-out other intracranial causes.MRI of the head has been used in research to better understand DDS.