Dependoparvovirus
Dependoparvovirus is a genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae; they are Group II viruses according to the Baltimore classification.
The name refers to the fact that all dependoviruses, except duck parvovirus and goose parvovirus, cannot replicate productively in their host cell without the cell being coinfected by a helper virus such as an adenovirus, a herpesvirus, or a vaccinia virus.
Species
The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:Dependoparvovirus anseriform1, Muscovy duck parvovirus, also called Barbarie duck parvovirusDependoparvovirus anseriform2, Anser anser dependoparvovirusDependoparvovirus anseriform3, Dependoparvovirus zftwig01adas1Dependoparvovirus anseriform4, Adeno-associated_virus_MHH-05-2015Dependoparvovirus anseriform5, Dependoparvovirus zftwig05par3Dependoparvovirus avian1, Avian adeno-associated virusDependoparvovirus avian2, Avian adeno-associated virus BR_DF12Dependoparvovirus carnivoran1, Feline dependoparvovirusDependoparvovirus carnivoran2, ParvoviridaeDogfe340C1Dependoparvovirus carnivoran3, ParvoviridaeDogfe380C5Dependoparvovirus carnivoran4, ParvoviridaeDogfe346C1Dependoparvovirus carnivoran5, ParvoviridaeDogfe385C1Dependoparvovirus carnivoran6, ParvoviridaeDogfe383C2Dependoparvovirus chiropteran1, Bat adeno-associated virusDependoparvovirus chiropteran2, Desmodus rotundus dependoparvovirusDependoparvovirus mammalian1, Adeno-associated virus 5Dependoparvovirus passeriform1, Dependoparvovirus swa134par4Dependoparvovirus passeriform2, Dependoparvovirus plw155par1Dependoparvovirus pinniped1, California sea lion adeno-associated virus 1Dependoparvovirus primate1, Adeno-associated virus 2Dependoparvovirus psittacine1, Psittacidae dependoparvovirusDependoparvovirus rodent1, Murine adeno-associated virus 1Dependoparvovirus rodent2, Murine adeno-associated virus 2Dependoparvovirus rodent3, Myodes glareolus adeno-associated virus 1Dependoparvovirus rodent4, Myodes glareolus adeno-associated virus 2Dependoparvovirus squamate1, Snake adeno-associated virusDependoparvovirus squamate2, Bearded dragon parvovirusVirology
Dependoparvoviruses have an icosahedral shape, measure 22 nm and are composed of 60 wedge-shaped proteins. Three proteins are present in each capsomere. Each capsid is made from 5 VP1, 5 VP2, and 50 VP3 proteins. The capsid does not have an envelope.The genome is a single molecule of single stranded DNA with a length of 4.7 kilobases. It has only two open reading frames. The 3' open reading frame is the structural capsid protein, cap, which can be spliced to form two RNAs, one for virion protein 1 and the other goes on to eventually make VP2 and VP3. The second gene, rep, can be spliced into four different, nonstructural, regulatory proteins that all aid in the genome replication. These proteins are named Rep 78, Rep68, Rep 52, and Rep 40 based on their molecular weight.
Due to inverted terminal repeats at each end of the genome, a T-shaped secondary structure is formed. The complementary areas leave a 3' hydroxyl group single stranded for the replication to begin. This 3' hydroxyl group is used as a primer for the leading strand synthesis. Both positive and negative sense strands of DNA are made. Double stranded intermediates are formed throughout the replication; this means the two strands, positive and negative sense, will be matched up.