Democratic National Convention


The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the Democratic Party of the United States. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention. The primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to officially nominate a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform, and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the American territories, and superdelegates which are unpledged delegates representing the Democratic establishment, attend the convention and cast their votes to choose the party's presidential candidate. Like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season. Since the 1980s, national conventions have become mostly inaugural events for the winning candidate, since winners are announced long before the convention. In 2020, both major parties, and many minor parties, replaced their usual in-person conventions with virtual programs due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Delegations

The party's presidential nominee is chosen primarily by pledged delegates, which are in turn selected through a series of individual state caucuses and primary elections. Pledged delegates are classified into three categories:
  • At-large pledged delegates are allocated and elected at the statewide level.
  • District pledged delegates are allocated and elected at a district level, usually the congressional district, but sometimes by state or territory legislative district.
  • Add-on or PLEO pledged delegates, which allow for representation by party leaders and elected officials within the state.
Unpledged superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a state's caucus or primary, only vote in the event of a contested nomination. These superdelegates may also be called unpledged PLEO delegates.
The size of delegations to the Democratic National Convention, for each state, territory, or other political subdivision, are described in the party's quadrennial Call for the Democratic National Convention.

Pledged delegate allocation

Allocation formula for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C.

Since 2012, the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. is based on two main factors: the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections, and the number of electoral votes each state has in the Electoral College.
The calculations for the 2020 convention basically consist of the following three steps:
Step 1: The following formula is first used to determine each jurisdiction's allocation factor:
where
Step 2: The base delegation for each state and the District of Columbia is then determined by multiplying its allocation factor by 3,200 :
Step 3: Finally, the jurisdiction's base delegation is used to calculate the number of its District, At-Large, and pledged PLEO delegates :

Allocations to other jurisdictions

Jurisdictions without electoral votes are instead given a fixed amount of pledged delegates. In 2020, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands each get six at-large delegates. Democrats Abroad gets 12 at-large and one pledged PLEO.
Puerto Rico is assigned 44 base votes in 2020, then the same formulas used in Step 3 above for U.S. states are used to calculate the territory's at-large, district, and PLEO pledged delegates:

Bonus delegates

The Democratic Party awards bonus pledged delegates to each jurisdiction based on two factors: timing and clustering. The timing criterion is based on when the state holds its primaries or caucuses with those states scheduling their contests in May and June getting the higher bonus. For clustering, three or more neighboring states must concurrently begin on the same date.
The bonus awarded is then a percentage increase in the jurisdiction's delegation. A fourth of the bonus delegates are then designated as District, and the other three-fourths become At-Large.
The bonuses are:
  • Timing Stage 1 : No bonus
  • Timing Stage 2 : 10 percent increase
  • Cluster: 15 percent increase
  • Both Timing Stage 2 and Cluster: 25 percent increase
  • Timing Stage 3 : 30 percent increase
  • Both Timing Stage 3 and Cluster: 35 percent increase

    Awarding delegates to the candidates

Based on the results of each of the primaries and caucuses, pledged delegates are awarded to the candidates under proportional representation, where candidates who get 15 percent or more of the popular vote in a state or one of its districts divide the respective delegates proportionally to the votes on the respective level. Statewide and district delegates are strictly separate, they are both proportionally allocated based on the popular vote in the state or the respective districts. The statewide delegates are furthermore separated into two groups, at-large delegates and pledged PLEO delegates, which are both allocated proportionally based on the statewide vote but calculated separately. This amounts to in fact three different delegate groups, allocated proportionally but separately, leading to contortion and slightly unproportional results.

Superdelegates

A superdelegate is an unpledged delegate to the Democratic National Convention who is seated automatically and chooses for themselves for whom they vote. These superdelegates include elected officials, and party activists and officials. They make up slightly under 15 percent of all convention delegates.
Superdelegates fall into four categories:
Democratic superdelegates are free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination. On August 25, 2018, the Democratic National Committee agreed to reduce the influence of superdelegates by generally preventing them from voting on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention, allowing their votes only in a contested nomination.
In the 2024 presidential election cycle, the Democratic National Committee held a virtual nomination vote in the first week of August to select its nominee. The virtual nomination rules allowed superdelegates to vote for a presidential candidate during the first ballot of the virtual roll call.

Presidential candidate nomination

From 1832 to 1936, any nomination for president or vice-president was required to have a majority of two-thirds of the total number of delegates. Unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot were virtually impossible.
This resulted in often contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders, with delegates being forced to vote for a nominee until someone could receive the minimum number of delegates required. This situation occurred at the conventions of 1852, 1856, 1868, 1912, 1920 and most notoriously, 1924, where the voting went for at least a dozen ballots.
In 1860, the convention deadlocked after 57 ballots, during which 50 Southern delegates walked out; subsequently, second and third conventions nominated separate Northern and Southern tickets.
Backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates, people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention. Dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated.
One of the most famous dark horse candidates nominated at a Democratic National Convention was James K. Polk, who was chosen to become the candidate for president only after being added to the eighth and ninth delegate ballot.
The rules were changed to a simple majority in 1936. Since then, only one multi-ballot convention has taken place.
In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee of a major party in the United States.

Vice-presidential candidate nomination

Before 1980, the party's choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the presidential nominee had little to do with the process, and in many cases was not known at the start of the convention.
In 1944 and 1956, the nominee let the convention choose the running mate without any recommendation, which led to two ballots of voting being required in each case.
However, since 1984, vice-presidential nominees have always been announced by the presumptive nominee prior to the convention. During the 1984 Democratic National Convention, Geraldine Ferraro became the first female vice presidential nominee of a major party in the United States.

Midterm conferences

In December 1974, the Democratic National Committee held a Conference on Democratic Policy and Organization, whose official focus was to "consider and adopt a permanent Charter for the Democratic Party... and such other matters as may be authorized by the Democratic National Committee." The 1974 Conference was authorized by resolution of the 1972 Democratic National Convention, and was held in Kansas City, Missouri. Midterm conferences were subsequently held in 1978 in Memphis and 1982 in Philadelphia, at which future candidates for subsequent Democratic presidential primaries spoke.
Following the 1982 conference, the Democratic National Committee suspended further midterm conferences due to cost constraints. Revival of the Democratic midterm conference event has been repeatedly discussed, including as recently as 2025 in time for the 2026 United States elections.