Dean and Chapter of Westminster


The Dean and Chapter of Westminster are the ecclesiastical governing body of Westminster Abbey, a collegiate church of the Church of England and royal peculiar in Westminster, Greater London. They consist of the dean and several canons meeting in chapter and are also known as the Dean and Canons of Westminster.

Foundation

The first college of canons was established by letters patent on 17 December 1540 by Henry VIII. Under the Bishop of Westminster of the newly created Diocese of Westminster, there was a dean and 12 canons, six of whom were former monks of the abbey. They survived the dissolution of the diocese in 1550, becoming a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556 when the college was dissolved by Mary I. The second college of canons was established on 21 May 1560 by Elizabeth I, this time as a royal peculiar. From 16 November 1645 the dean and canons were dispersed, and a committee of the Lords and Commons from the Long Parliament governed. The dean and canons were restored on the Restoration in 1660.

Current chapter

As of 29 September 2022:

Roles within the chapter

Today, the roles divided between the canons residentiary generally include: the sub-dean, who is second to the dean; the canon treasurer; the canon steward, who is responsible for the welcoming of visitors; canon theologian; the canon almoner; the Archdeacon of Westminster; and the rector of St Margaret's. Between and among the chapter of canons, roles can be and are reshuffled as desired. The minor canons are the precentor, the sacrist and, since 2016, the Abbey chaplain. Historically, other roles have included the Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Headmaster of Westminster School and the rector of St John's, Smith Square

List of canons

First foundation (cathedral, 1540–1556)

The first a canon of each stall was appointed by Henry VIII in the foundation charter dated 17 December 1540. Eight canons were deprived of their prebends by Mary I on 30 March 1554 and one resigned shortly after; only three remained in post.
Canons of the 1st Prebend
Canons of the 2nd Prebend
Canons of the 3rd Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – bef. 1547 : Edward Layton
  • 15 June 1547 – 30 March 1554 : Edward Keble
  • 12 April 1554 – 26 September 1556: John Baker
Canons of the 4th Prebend
Canons of the 5th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – 18 July 1552 : William Bretten
  • 30 July 1552 – 10 May 1554 : Edmund Grindal, Precentor of St Paul's
  • 28 May 1554 – 1554 : John Moreman
  • 11 September 1554 – 26 September 1556: John Smith
Canons of the 6th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – bef. 1543 : Denis Dalyon
  • 18 May 1543 – 30 March 1554 : John Pekyns
  • 5 April 1554 – 26 September 1556: Francis Mallet
Canons of the 7th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – 30 March 1554 : Humphrey Parkyns/Charite
  • 18 May 1554 – 26 September 1556: Alphonso de Salinas
Canons of the 8th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – 1542 : Thomas Essex/Baxter
  • 8 December 1542 – bef. 1545 : Francis Turpin
  • 15 November 1545 – bef. 1553 : Nicholas Ridley
  • 4 July 1553 – 26 September 1556: Hugh Griffith
Canons of the 9th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – bef. 1546 : Thomas Elfryde
  • 23 July 1546 – 30 March 1554 : Bernard Sandiforth
  • 21 April 1554 – 26 September 1556: Henry Cole
Canons of the 10th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – 1541 : John Rumney/Malvern
  • 26 November 1541 – 30 March 1554 : Edmund Weston
  • 12 May 1554 – 26 September 1556: Thomas Wood
Canons of the 11th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – 1544 : William Harvye/Faythe
  • 28 November 1544 – 26 September 1556: Thomas Reynold
Canons of the 12th Prebend
  • 17 December 1540 – 1549 : Gerard Carleton
  • 7 September 1549 – bef. 1551 : Giles Eyer
  • 20 October 1551 – 30 March 1554 : Thomas Birkhed
  • 3 May 1554 – 26 September 1556: William Pye

Second Foundation (Royal Peculiar, 1560–1660)

Twelve canons were appointed by Elizabeth I at the refoundation of the secular chapter, 21 May 1560.
Canons of the 1st Prebend
Canons of the 2nd Prebend
  • 30 June 1560 – 16 November 1577 : Humphrey Parkyns/Charite
  • 23 April 1578 – 25 April 1587 : John Reade
  • 9 May 1587 – bef. 1609 : Richard Wood
  • 27 September 1609 – bef. 1626 : Henry Caesar or Adelmare
  • 10 January 1626 – bef. 1653 : Thomas Wilson
Canons of the 3rd Prebend
Canons of the 4th Prebend
  • 30 June 1560 – 1562 : Richard Cheyney
  • 12 September 1563 – July 1570 : Thomas Norley
  • 10 August 1570 – bef. 1571 : William Wickham
  • 19 June 1571 – bef. 1575 : Robert Ramsden
  • bef. 1575 – 1579 : William Chaderton
  • 26 November 1579 – 1586 : Thomas Wagstaff
  • 31 December 1586 – bef. 1602 : Richard Webster
  • bef. 1602 – 23 November 1616 : Richard Hakluyt
  • 29 November 1616 – 10 January 1631 : John Holt
  • 5 February 1631 – ?: Lewis Wemys
Canons of the 5th Prebend
Canons of the 6th Prebend
Canons of the 7th Prebend
Canons of the 8th Prebend
Canons of the 9th Prebend
Canons of the 10th Prebend
Canons of the 11th Prebend
  • 21 May 1560 – bef. 1579 : William Young
  • 1579 – 26 February 1592 : John Wickham
  • 13 March 1592 – 1597 : Richard Bancroft
  • 1597–1601 : Lancelot Andrewes
  • 5 July 1601 – 15 January 1613 : Adrian Saravia
  • 20 January 1613 – bef. 1638 : Gabriel Grant
  • 28 September 1638 – bef. 1663 : William Haywood
Canons of the 12th Prebend'''

Second Foundation (Royal Peculiar, since 1660)

The prebendaries admitted since the Restoration in 1660 have had no fixed stalls to their prebends, but upon any vacancy the new prebendary was installed in the lowest stall on the side where the vacancy happened, and not in the stall of him who died, or was promoted. Since all but four prebends were vacant before 1660, it is not possible to assert that any particular succession of canons relates to any previous prebend except for those four.
A prebend at Westminster was highly sought after by the ecclesiastical establishment. The value of the prebend helped to enrich the salaries of some of the poorer bishops, who retained their prebends at Westminster whilst in office. Other distinguishing features of the Westminster chapter were the close links with Westminster School – thirteen headmasters were canons – and eleven members of the peerage or baronetage were members of the chapter at various times.
The Ecclesiastical Commissioners reports in 1835 and 1836 called for a reduction in the number of canons from twelve to six. Two of the remaining prebends were united with the rectories of St Margaret's, Westminster and St John's, Smith Square. The number of prebends was reduced further from six to five in 1890 on the resignation of Brooke Foss Westcott and from five to four in 1941 on the resignation of Russell Barry.
Canons are listed here by succession, rather than by chronological order of appointment.
Canons in the succession of John Doughty
Canons in the succession of Walter Jones
Canons in the succession of Henry Killigrew
Canons in the succession of Richard Busby
Canons in the succession of John Sudbury
Canons in the succession of James Lamb
Canons in the succession of David Mitchel
Canons in the succession of Francis Walsall
Canons in the succession of Herbert Thorndike
Canons in the succession of Charles Gibbs
  • 21 May 1662 – 16 September 1681 : Charles Gibbs
  • 22 October 1681 – bef. 1687 : William Sill
  • 13 June 1687 – bef. 1694 : George Berkeley
  • 5 November 1694 – bef. 1697 : William Payne
  • 5 March 1697 – 29 June 1715 : Richard Lucas
  • 1715 – 28 March 1722 : Robert Cannon
  • 7 May 1722 – January 1725 : John Mandeville, Dean of Peterborough
  • 5 February 1725 – 16 November 1741 : James Hargraves, Rector of St Margaret's
  • 30 November 1741 – 17 November 1754 : Richard Bullock
  • 13 May 1755 – 1762 : John Oswald
  • 1 July 1762 – 1 December 1772 : Charles Burdett
  • 26 December 1772 – 16 September 1781 : Thomas Marriott
  • 1 November 1781 – 18 May 1803 : Robert Finch, Rector of St John's
  • 31 May 1803 – 29 September 1846 : Holland Edwards, Rector of St John's
Canons in the succession of Robert South
Canons in the succession of George Stradling