M1 (Johannesburg)
The M1 De Villiers Graaff motorway is a metropolitan route and major freeway in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. The highway connects the southern areas with the city centre and extends further north through Sandton into the Ben Schoeman Highway towards Pretoria. Construction began in 1962 and resulted in the demolition of many properties and houses including numerous historical Parktown Mansions.
Route
The M1 officially starts at the M68 Interchange in Southgate, Johannesburg South, just east of the Southgate Shopping Centre and west of Mondeor. South of this interchange, it is designated as the R82 towards Walkerville and Vereeniging. The M1 begins by heading northwards from the M68 off-ramp to reach the Uncle Charlie's Interchange with the N12 highway in Ridgeway.It continues north-east towards the city centre as a freeway, passing Ormonde and Booysens, and meets the M2 highway at the Crown Interchange. The M1 then proceeds north-north-east through the leafy northern suburbs of Johannesburg such as Parktown, and the industrial area separating Sandton and Alexandra.
The M1's northern terminus is at the Buccleuch Interchange, where it meets with the N1 and the N3 highways of Johannesburg and becomes the Ben Schoeman Highway to Pretoria.
The part of the M1 in Sandton, between Corlett Drive and the Buccleuch Interchange is maintained by SANRAL. Signage and extra lanes have been upgraded in 2010 with the "Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project". The section between Corlett Drive and a portion south of the CBD is maintained by the Johannesburg Roads Agency with the remainder to the South also maintained by the provincial government. The northern section maintained by the Gauteng Provincial Government is also designated the P206-1.
Speed limits, which are strictly enforced, change as one gets nearer to the centre of Johannesburg, from 100 km/h in the northern section, beginning at the Buccleuch interchange, finally dropping to 80 km/h near the city centre. South of the CBD, the speed limit again increases. Before an upgrade in 2012, the speed limit was 120 km/h on the provincial government maintained stretch in Sandton, dropping to 100 km/h as it ran through the Northern Suburbs of Johannesburg. However, subsequent to rehabilitation work in 2012, the limit in the northern section was also dropped to 100 km/h.
History
Background
[file:Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa (2417711025).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view from the north]Both the M1 and M2 motorways have their beginnings in a 1948 traffic planning scheme developed by the Johannesburg City Council and examined by American traffic engineering consultant Lloyd B. Reid in 1954. Two 10-year plans examined among other things the idea of new urban motorways and improving existing highways. The plan called for two motorways, one running east–west along the southern CBD and the other running to north–south on the western side of the CBD. The plan was linked to national and provincial governments plan by the National Transport Commission for the Western and Eastern Bypasses, the future N1 and N3 in northern Johannesburg.
The plan for the original motorway began in Bramley at Corlett Drive and headed south through Killarney and Parktown before cutting through the ridge between the University of the Witwatersrand and the Milner Park Agricultural Showgrounds and then over the Braamfontein railway yards through Newtown to the east–west interchange. From there it would cross Crown Mines land and head southwards past Robertsham to another proposed interchange and future Western Bypass (N12) before ending at the beginning of the Kimberley Road.
Ground was broken for the new North-South Motorway on 28 May 1962 by Transport Minister Ben Schoeman, Administrator of the Transvaal, F.H. Odendaal and Johannesburg Mayor, Keith Flemming, just north of the Braamfontein Yards, site of the first bridge on the elevated motorway. The first section would be opened in the CBD in 1967 and rest of the motorway between 1972 and 1974.
A two three-lane motorway was planned with large medians for breakdowns, elevated in the Central business district as it crossed the Braamfontein railway yards and then became a double-decker motorway south through to an interchange near Westgate where it met the East-West Motorway. The speed limit was set at between in the city, increased to and was set to reach the further one proceeded from the CBD.
The motorway is named after the white South African opposition leader and United Party head, Sir De Villiers Graaff.
Construction
1956
An early long-term motorway plan was envisaged for a future Johannesburg. The first was a north–south motorway of 18.4 km stretching from Westgate just south of the Johannesburg CBD to connect up with the existing main Pretoria Road, 5.6 km outside the Johannesburg municipal boundary in the northern suburbs. The Westgate section would connect up with an east/west motorway running just south of the Johannesburg CBD. A third section involved the reconfiguration of roads to form an eastern CBD bypass connecting the north–south motorway with Saratoga Avenue.1958
Improvements began on Harrow Road to widen and deepen the road and included new bridges crossing over it at Joel Road, Alexandra Street and Barnato Street. Where Harrow Street met Louis Botha Avenue in Berea, this was to become an underpass of the latter. At the southern end of Harrow Road, a flyover would cross Saratoga Avenue and would eventually connect with the redesigned Siemert and Sivewright Roads.1959
Planning began for six-lane bridge that would have to cross the Braamfontein Railway Yard and would be part of the M1 motorway to connect the city with its northern and southern suburbs.1962
Construction finally began in 1962 on the Braamfontein Railway Bridge in Braamfontein required to connect the future M1 north and southern motorways. The Johannesburg City Engineer Department began its planning for the M1 motorway, that included a motorway from the Braamfontein Railway Bridge under construction, south to a future Westgate Interchange and included a double-decker section above Goch Street.The construction on the Sivewright Road / Berea Street and the Siemert Road / End Street reconfiguration, important to connecting the future eastern bypass connecting the M1 in the northern suburbs at the proposed Killarney interchange with the M2 East at the proposed Heidelberg Interchange, was nearing completion. Both road reconfigurations were situated in Doornfontein, east of the Johannesburg CBD.
1963
The Johannesburg City Engineer Department continued its engineering work on plans for Goch Street double-decker section of the future M1 North route. Planning also started on a future M1 South bridge and interchange at Xavier Street in Robertsham.1964
Johannesburg City Engineer Department's planning was completed on the Goch Street double-decker section on the future M1 northern route. The design called for a 1,100 m section made up of a 500m double-decker motorway and two 300m sections on either end of the main section.Planning begun on the M1 motorway, heading northwards, in Braamfontein to construct a cutting through what then was known as the University Ridge. This route would separate the Witwatersrand Agricultural Society grounds and the University of Witwatersrand. Also planned was a forty-metre bridge allowing Showground Road to cross the new motorway slightly south of the new cutting.
Other essential road changes became important in accessing the planned motorways. Booysens Road was widened to become a dual carriageway to connect with the future M1 on its southern route. The Harrow Road scheme was completed. Work continued on the Berea-Sivewright motorway bypass works.
1965-1966
On the M1 motorway northern route, contracts were awarded for work from Braamfontein through University Ridge to Rockridge Road in Parktown. As the motorway was to cross under Jan Smuts Avenue on this section, work was begun on an underpass. Work that had started on the eastern-bypass, the Berea-Sivewright Street section, was completed.At the southern end of the M1 Goch Street double-decker section, work began on the Westgate Interchange that would connect the M1 and M2 motorways, but work was problematic when mine workings below the site became an issue.
On the M1 southern section, work was begun on the Xavier Street Bridge and the Crown Gardens Interchange. While on the M1 northern section just past the end of the new Braamfontein Railway bridge, work started on the Smit Street Interchange in Braamfontein.