Cyphellostereum imperfectum


Cyphellostereum imperfectum is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Like other members of its genus, it forms a partnership between a fungus and cyanobacterium, creating thin crusts that spread across tree bark in misty mountain forests. The species was discovered in Guatemala's cloud forests and has since been found in the Galápagos Islands, where it grows on moss-covered branches in humid highland zones. It has a distinctive white, cottony edge and turquoise-blue color when fresh.

Taxonomy

Cyphellostereum imperfectum is a cyanobacterial basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was formally described in 2012 by Robert Lücking, J. Barillas and Manuela Dal Forno, based on material collected from the cloud forests in the nature reserve in Baja Verapaz Department, Guatemala. The species differs from the type of the genus and from C. nitidum in having a conspicuous white and and by its densely intertwined, wavy hyphae that wrap each cyanobacterial filament, leaving small gaps between them. DNA sequence data confirm that it is a distinct lineage within Cyphellostereum.

Description

The thallus of Cyphellostereum imperfectum is a thin, crust‑like mat up to about across, tightly appressed to bark but edged by a ragged, cottony white margin formed by non‑lichenized hyphae. When fresh it is turquoise‑blue; on drying it turns dull greenish.
Inside the thallus, the fungus partners with a filamentous cyanobacterium. Each cyanobacterial thread is sheathed by 2–3 μm‑wide, colorless fungal hyphae that twist and branch, giving the sheath a sinuous outline and leaving tiny air spaces. Individual cells measure 7–10 μm long by 3–6 μm wide and occasional are present. No fruiting bodies have yet been seen, and clamp connections are absent. Unlike the Mauritian relative Cyphellostereum bicolor, which lacks a persistent white hypothallus, has a looser hyphal sheath and produces resupinate hymenophores, C. imperfectum keeps its conspicuous white hypothallus, encloses each cyanobacterial filament in a tight weave of fungal hyphae, and has never been seen to form such fruiting bodies.

Habitat and distribution

The holotype comes from a moist montane rainforest at elevation along the Quetzal Reserve trail in central Guatemala. In the Galápagos Islands the species is so far known from a single collection in the Miconia shrubland of Santa Cruz Island. There it was found growing over leafy liverwort mats on tree branches within a humid, mist‑prone zone dominated by Miconia robinsoniana and scattered Cinchona trees. All records are from humid, shaded mid‑to‑high elevation forests where persistent fog or high rainfall keeps bark surfaces damp. The lichen behaves as an epiphyte, anchoring to bark indirectly via bryophyte mats rather than penetrating the wood itself.