Corrupted Blood incident

The Corrupted Blood incident took place between September 13 and October 8, 2005, in World of Warcraft, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game developed by Blizzard Entertainment. When participating in a certain boss battle at the end of a raid, player characters would become infected with a debuff that was transmitted between characters in close proximity. While developers intended to keep the effects of the debuff within this boss's game region, a programming oversight soon led to the debuff becoming an in-game pandemic that spread throughout the fictional world of Azeroth.
World of Warcraft introduced the game region of Zul'Gurub on September 13. The boss of the region, Hakkar the Soulflayer, cast the debuff Corrupted Blood on raid participants, which expired when players defeated Hakkar. Corrupted Blood soon spread beyond Zul'Gurub through players deactivating their infected animal companions, who when reactivated in densely populated non-combat zones, still carried the debuff, becoming disease vectors, while non-player characters became asymptomatic carriers. Player reactions to the Corrupted Blood pandemic varied: some provided aid by healing players or warning them of outbreak zones, while griefers intentionally contracted the debuff to spread it across the game world. After several failed hotfixes, Blizzard ended the pandemic by performing a hard reset, and a later patch prevented companions from contracting Corrupted Blood entirely.
Although it was the result of a software bug, the Corrupted Blood incident gained longstanding notoriety among World of Warcraft players and interest among real-world disease researchers. Blizzard developed intentional in-game pandemics in two expansion sets: Wrath of the Lich King in 2008 and Shadowlands in 2020. Epidemiologists, meanwhile, took interest in how MMORPGs, unlike mathematical models, could capture individual human responses to disease outbreaks rather than generating assumptions about behavior.

Background

released World of Warcraft, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game, on November 23, 2004, in North America and Australia, and a European release followed in February 2005. As a role-playing game, players create their player characters by choosing among various fantasy races, character classes, and allegiance to one of the game's in-universe factions. After creating their character, the player begins a quest in the fantasy world of Azeroth, where they may fight monsters either alone or together with other players in parties. For larger dungeon crawls, players may create a raid group of up to 40 characters. Player characters gain experience levels through the completion of quests and the defeat of non-player characters such as monsters or dragons. Gaining experience levels, higher-level armor, and improved weaponry then allows player characters to participate in more difficult dungeon crawls.
World of Warcraft was immediately popular upon its release, with over 240,000 subscribers within 24 hours of its North American launch. By March 2005, its subscriber base had reached 1.5 million individuals. By the time of the Corrupted Blood incident, World of Warcraft had over four million subscribers, corresponding to a $700 million annual revenue stream. It was significantly more popular than other MMORPGs of the time: EverQuest II had approximately 500,000 subscribers in September 2005, while The Matrix Online struggled to acquire 50,000 subscribers within three months of its release. To retain their subscribers after players finished all the content that was available upon World of Warcrafts release, Blizzard maintained a team of developers to regularly add new content such as raids.

Incident

Zul'Gurub raid and pandemic origins

Zul'Gurub was added to the game's open world on September 13, 2005. It was the game's fourth major raid and the first intended for 20 players. The boss of this region was Hakkar the Soulflayer, who would cast a debuff on players called "Corrupted Blood". After Hakkar cast Corrupted Blood on one player in a raid group, the debuff would be transmitted to other player characters in close proximity. The effects of Corrupted Blood were intended to last for 10 seconds, or until the players defeated Hakkar, whichever came first. One of Hakkar's healing mechanisms was to temporarily stun a raid party and drain their blood. Blizzard developers intended for players to defeat Hakkar by first weakening him with attacks and then exposing themselves to Corrupted Blood - which would cause Hakkar to take damage when he tried to heal himself using the players' blood.
Developers had intended to limit the effects of the debuff to the Zul'Gurub region, but a programming oversight led to its spread throughout the in-game universe. Players with animal companions during boss battles could protect pets infected with Corrupted Blood by placing them into a type of suspended animation mid-fight. These pets were subsequently re-activated after the completion of the boss battle, but developers had forgotten to include an "off-switch" that would recognize the conclusion of the raid and remove the debuff from companions. Players who defeated Hakkar would subsequently fast travel to markets in urban centers in order to repair their damaged armor and weaponry. They then re-activated their infected pets, who became disease vectors, allowing Corrupted Blood to spread beyond players involved in the raid. Other NPCs could become infected with the disease, but they were incapable of dying, and instead became asymptomatic carriers for player characters.
Once it spread beyond the Zul'Gurub region, Corrupted Blood quickly became pandemic in Azeroth. No index case was ever identified. Outbreaks soon occurred in Orgrimmar, the capital city of the Orcs, and in the dwarf city of Ironforge. There was no in-game cure for Corrupted Blood, which inflicted between 263 and 337 hit points of damage every two seconds. This level of damage would be enough to kill a character of the then-highest experience level in 30 seconds or less. While World of Warcraft player characters are resurrected after death, protective wearables that a character had acquired would become damaged by 10% upon each death, becoming unusable at 0% "durability" until the player pays to have the affected item repaired by a blacksmith NPC.

Player reactions and responses

The sudden arrival and spread of the Corrupted Blood pandemic created widespread panic among World of Warcrafts user base. One player told The Washington Post that the "world chat would explode any time a city fell. We kept a close eye not only on our guild chat but on world chat as well to see where not to go. We didn't want to catch it." Casual World of Warcraft players who had read about the incident on the news would log into their accounts to better understand the pandemic, promptly infecting their characters. The in-game environment soon filled with the skeletons and corpses of player characters who had succumbed to the infection, and internet forums described seeing "hundreds" of these bodies throughout Azeroth's population centers. One player described Azeroth as "filled to the brim with corpses", the "streets literally white with the bones of the dead". Another posted that "ome servers have gotten so bad that you can't go into the major cities without getting the plague. And anyone less than like Level 50 nearly immediately dies." Some players incorrectly speculated that the Corrupted Blood incident had been intentional, with developers intending for the Hakkar boss battle to lead directly into a pandemic-based game event.
Once players realized the scope of the pandemic, individual reactions to the infection varied. Some players whose characters possessed healing abilities headed to major cities as impromptu first responders, but these characters often contracted and died from the disease as well. Healing measures were largely ineffective, as only one character class, Paladins, were capable of removing debuffs of Corrupted Blood's nature, and players risked reinfection almost immediately upon healing. More often, rather than removing the Corrupted Blood infection, healing characters merely kept characters alive and contagious, thereby prolonging the spread of the infection. Less powerful player characters, meanwhile, would stand at the edges of infected towns, warning other player characters not to enter. Players transmitted information from afar by using the game's farthest-reaching chat function, "yell". At least one player became an unofficial town crier, making announcements about new pandemic developments in the open world's public spaces. Other players enacted self-quarantine methods, remaining in less-populated wilderness areas of Azeroth rather than entering towns or cities where they risked infection. Although the pandemic did not extend to the real world, epidemiologist Nina Fefferman noted that "players seemed to really feel they were at risk and took the threat of infection seriously, even though it was only a game."
Griefers, players who engage in bad faith multiplayer game tactics, took advantage of the Corrupted Blood incident to target and inconvenience other players. These players would purposely contract Corrupted Blood and travel to densely populated areas to further its spread. One griefer whose guild engaged in this practice told Wired that he did so because he was amused by the reactions of other players, saying, "It's just funny to watch people run away screaming". Fefferman compared these players to Typhoid Mary, an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever who resisted warnings and quarantines to infect others with the disease. Discussion on internet chat forums about Corrupted Blood often included misinformation among general confusion.