Consumer demand tests (animals)
Consumer demand tests for animals are studies designed to measure the relative strength of an animal's motivation to obtain resources such as different food items. Such demand tests quantify the strength of motivation animals have for resources whilst avoiding anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism.
The test results are analogous to human patterns of purchasing resources with a limited income. For humans, the cost of resources is usually measured in money; in animal studies the cost is usually represented by energy required, time taken or a risk of injury. Costs of resources can be imposed on animals by an operant task, a natural aversion, or a homeostatic challenge. Humans usually decrease the amount of an item purchased as the cost of that item increases. Similarly, animals tend to consume less of an item as the cost of that item increases.
Using consumer demand tests one can empirically determine the strength of motivation animals have for a definite need and also for resources we humans might perceive as a luxury or unnecessary but animals might not. By comparing the strength of motivation for the resource with that for a definite need, we can measure the importance of a resource as perceived by the animals. Animals will be most highly motivated to interact with resources they absolutely need, highly motivated for resources that they perceive as most improving their welfare, and less motivated for resources they perceive as less important. Furthermore, argument by analogy indicates that as with humans, it is more likely that animals will experience negative affective states if they are not provided with the resources for which they show high motivation.
Various other aspects of the animal's behaviour can be measured to aid understanding of motivation for resources, e.g. latency to approach the point of access, speed of incurring the cost, time with each resource, or the range of activities with each of the resources. These measures can be recorded either by the experimenter or by motion detecting software. Prior to testing, the animals are usually given the opportunity to explore the apparatus and variants to habituate and reduce the effects of novelty.
Terminology
The rate at which the animal decreases its acquisition or consumption of a resource as the cost increases is known as the elasticity of demand. A steep slope of decreasing access indicates a relatively low motivation for a resource, sometimes called 'high elasticity'; a shallow slope indicates relatively high motivation for a resource, sometimes called 'low elasticity', or 'inelastic demand.'The 'break point' is the cost at which inelastic demand becomes elastic, i.e. the cost at which constant consumption begins to decrease.
Types of cost
Operant
- Lever pressing
- Weighted door
- Breaking light beam
- Wheel running
Natural aversion
- Water traverse
- Air blast
- Long distances
Homeostatic challenge
- Body temperature
Examples
Flooring
Manser et al. showed that laboratory rats were motivated to lift a door weighing 83% of their body weight to allow them to rest on a solid floor rather than on a grid floor, despite their having been kept on grid floors for over 6 months.Lighting
Baldwin showed that when animals were given control of their lighting with the equivalent of an on/off switch, pigs kept lights on for 72% of the time and sheep for 82%. However, when the pigs had to work for the light by keeping their snout within a photo-beam, they only kept the lights on for 0.5% of the time, indicating that light wasa weak reinforcement for this species. Savory and Duncan showed that individual hens kept in a background of darkness were prepared to work for 4 hours of light per day.