Congener (chemistry)
In chemistry, congeners are chemical substances "related to each other by origin, structure, or function".
Common origin and structure
Any significant quantity of a polyhalogenated compound is by default a blend of multiple molecule types because each molecule forms independently, and chlorine and bromine do not strongly select which site they bond to.- Polychlorinated biphenyls are a family of 209 congeners.
- Polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers are also families of 209 congeners.
Common origin
- Congener (alcohol), substances other than alcohol also produced during fermentation.
- Congeners of oleic acids can modify cell membrane behavior, protecting against tumors or having effects on blood pressure.
Common structure
Congeners can refer to similar compounds that substitute other elements with similar valences, yielding molecules having similar structures. Examples:- potassium chloride and sodium chloride may be considered congeners; also potassium chloride and potassium fluoride.
- hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen thioperoxide, and hydrogen disulfide.
Other
- Congeners refer to the various oxidation states of a given element in a compound. For example, titanium(II) chloride, titanium(III) chloride, and titanium chloride may be considered congeners.
- Congeners can refer to other elements in the same group in the periodic table. For example, congeners of the Group 11 element copper are silver and gold, sometimes found together in the same ores due to their chemical similarity.