Complete bipartite graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete bipartite graph or biclique is a special kind of bipartite graph where every vertex of the first set is connected to every vertex of the second set.
Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete bipartite graphs were already printed as early as 1669, in connection with an edition of the works of Ramon Llull edited by Athanasius Kircher. Llull himself had made similar drawings of complete graphs three centuries earlier.
Definition
A complete bipartite graph is a graph whose vertices can be partitioned into two subsets and such that no edge has both endpoints in the same subset, and every possible edge that could connect vertices in different subsets is part of the graph. That is, it is a bipartite graph such that for every two vertices and, is an edge in. A complete bipartite graph with partitions of size and, is denoted ; every two graphs with the same notation are isomorphic.Examples
- For any, is called a star. All complete bipartite graphs which are trees are stars.
- * The graph is called a claw, and is used to define the claw-free graphs.
- The graph is called the utility graph. This usage comes from a standard mathematical puzzle in which three utilities must each be connected to three buildings; it is impossible to solve without crossings due to the nonplanarity of.
- The maximal bicliques found as subgraphs of the digraph of a relation are called concepts. When a lattice is formed by taking meets and joins of these subgraphs, the relation has an Induced concept lattice. This type of analysis of relations is called formal concept analysis.
Properties
- Given a bipartite graph, testing whether it contains a complete bipartite subgraph for a parameter is an NP-complete problem.
- A planar graph cannot contain as a minor; an outerplanar graph cannot contain as a minor. Conversely, every nonplanar graph contains either or the complete graph as a minor; this is Wagner's theorem.
- Every complete bipartite graph. is a Moore graph and a -cage.
- The complete bipartite graphs and have the maximum possible number of edges among all triangle-free graphs with the same number of vertices; this is Mantel's theorem. Mantel's result was generalized to -partite graphs and graphs that avoid larger cliques as subgraphs in Turán's theorem, and these two complete bipartite graphs are examples of Turán graphs, the extremal graphs for this more general problem.
- The complete bipartite graph has a vertex covering number of and an edge covering number of
- The complete bipartite graph has a maximum independent set of size
- The adjacency matrix of a complete bipartite graph has eigenvalues, and 0; with multiplicity 1, 1 and respectively.
- The Laplacian matrix of a complete bipartite graph has eigenvalues,,, and 0; with multiplicity 1,, and 1 respectively.
- A complete bipartite graph has spanning trees.
- A complete bipartite graph has a maximum matching of size
- A complete bipartite graph has a proper -edge-coloring corresponding to a Latin square.
- Every complete bipartite graph is a modular graph: every triple of vertices has a median that belongs to shortest paths between each pair of vertices.