Choice function

Let X be a set of sets none of which are empty. Then a choice function on X is a mathematical function f that is defined on X such that f is a mapping that assigns each element of X to one of its elements.

An example

Let X = . Then the function f defined by f = 7, f = 9 and f = 2 is a choice function on X.

History and importance

Ernst Zermelo introduced choice functions as well as the axiom of choice and proved the well-ordering theorem, which states that every set can be well-ordered. AC states that every set of nonempty sets has a choice function. A weaker form of AC, the axiom of countable choice states that every countable set of nonempty sets has a choice function. However, in the absence of either AC or AC_ω, some sets can still be shown to have a choice function.

If is a finite set of nonempty sets, then one can construct a choice function for by picking one element from each member of This requires only finitely many choices, so neither AC or AC_ω is needed.
If every member of is a nonempty set, and the union is well-ordered, then one may choose the least element of each member of. In this case, it was possible to simultaneously well-order every member of by making just one choice of a well-order of the union, so neither AC nor AC_ω was needed.

Choice function of a multivalued map

Given two sets and, let be a multivalued map from to .
A function is said to be a selection of, if:
The existence of more regular choice functions, namely continuous or measurable selections is important in the theory of differential inclusions, optimal control, and mathematical economics. See Selection theorem.

Bourbaki tau function

Nicolas Bourbaki used epsilon calculus for their foundations that had a symbol that could be interpreted as choosing an object that satisfies a given proposition. So if is a predicate, then is one particular object that satisfies . Hence we may obtain quantifiers from the choice function, for example was equivalent to.
However, Bourbaki's choice operator is stronger than usual: it's a global choice operator. That is, it implies the axiom of global choice. Hilbert realized this when introducing epsilon calculus.