Child soldiers in Liberia
The First Liberian Civil War began in 1989, when Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia forces invaded the country in rebellion against the regime of Samuel Doe, who came to power through the 1980 Liberian coup d'état. Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, the United Liberation Movement for Democracy, as well as the NPFL utilized children as an integral aspect of their forces over the course of both armed conflicts, organizing them into factions such as the Small Boys Unit. The First Liberian Civil War as well as the Second Liberian Civil War saw thousands of children were forced to participate in armed conflict, resulting in an estimated figure of 21,000 child soldiers in need of demobilization, rehabilitation, and reintegration following the end of the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003, which concluded with the signage of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. In the years following the war, the Liberian government was implemented measures to promote their international and national commitment to reintegrating and supporting former Children in the military.
International laws regarding the use of child soldiers
Geneva Conventions of 1949 and additional 1977 protocols
The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the additional 1977 protocols, specifically Protocol II states that children under fifteen should not be conscripted into armies or allowed to take part in armed conflicts. This document and its provisions, which are binding to both state parties and opposition groups, were agreed to by Liberia in March 1954 and June 1988 respectively.United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child 1989
The 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child condemned the recruitment and direct involvement of persons aged fifteen years and younger in armed conflict, per Article 38. Furthermore, the document also mandates that governments commit to advancing the social reintegration, as well as the physical and psychological recovery of children involved in armed conflict, per Article 39. This document was ratified and signed by Liberia on July 4, 1993.Recruitment
Methods
Both governmental troops and opposition groups were known to forcibly recruit children into their armed forces. Common methods often include threats of violence against the individual and/or their loved ones, and coercion. There have also been instances of children voluntarily joining troops. Causes of voluntary conscription may include the desire to seek avenge dead loved ones, and a means of seeking protection, as conflict generates loss of parents and family members, often forcing children to find a means to fend for themselves. Additionally, children often join armed forces to alleviate the effects of poverty exacerbated by warfare, which often leads to food shortages and economic instability that affects many.Uses for children during armed conflicts
The term "child soldier" was defined by UNICEF in 2005 as any male or female person younger than 18 years of age who participates in the activities of any armed forces or groups in any capacity. During these armed conflicts, children were used as armed soldiers, spies and informants, cooks, staff at military checkpoints, cannon fodder, errand runners, and forced sexual companions.Rationale
The prevalence of the use of children as soldiers in armed conflicts is dominated by notions that children are more obedient and easier to manipulate, quicker to learn fighting skills, less costly, more expendable, and pose a moral challenge to enemies.Effects of war on children
Psychological
Former child soldiers often suffer from high levels of psychosocial trauma, resulting in post-traumatic stress and major depressive disorder, risks of suicide, all of which are higher among children who experienced sexual violence. Child ex-combatants also experience severe post-traumatic stress disorder, the symptoms of which are nightmares and sleeplessness, flashbacks, bedwetting, and depression and anxiety. The stigmatization of former child soldiers has also caused them to suffer from shame and guilt.Physical
Child soldiers often faced physical and sexual abuse at the hands of these armed groups. Children were beaten, subjected to a form of torture called "tabay", in which their elbows were tied together behind their back, and forced to consume drugs and alcohol.Social
Child soldiering also has implications on the social development of children, as they struggle to develop identities independent of their pasts as combatants and commanders. Former child soldiers also notably struggle to build and foster healthy relationships due to trust issues. Lack of education and the prevalence of illiteracy puts former child soldiers at risk of living in poverty.Government-sanctioned reintegration programs
The first phase of reintegration occurred following the ceasefire in 1997, which concluded the end of the First Liberian Civil War, however reintegration programs were not implemented nationally and there were not enough NGOs present to support these efforts.Following the signage of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2003, the Liberian National Transitional Government created the National Commission on Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation, and Reintegration. Collaborating with local and international non-governmental organizations, such as Don Bosco Homes and Children Assistance Program, community and faith-based organizations as well as the private sector, the NCDDRR worked to implement reintegration programs. The NCDDRR also created the Joint Implementation Unit, to aid in the implementation of programs related to educational and psychological development of former child soldiers.