Charles Desvergnes

Charles Desvergnes was a French sculptor.

His life and achievements

Desvergnes was born in Bellegarde in Loiret, the son of a working-class family; his father was a baker. At his father's bakery, Desvergnes often used the dough to make models and his prowess came to the attention of the local Lord of the Manor, Charles Galopin, who introduced the young Desvergnes to the Paris sculptor Chapu.
By the age of 15, he had passed the entrance exams for the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The Conseil Général du Loiret and his home town financed his years as a student and he was to win several prizes whilst at the school. He was runner up for the Rome prize in 1887 and received the prize itself in 1889 for his high relief "Le Retour de l'enfant prodigue". He was subsequently accepted at the "Villa Médicis" in Rome and studied sculpture there for 5 years.
On his return to France he received some prestigious commissions for public monuments including a monument to the neurologist Dr Duchenne and in 1899 his "monument commémoratif du combat des Aydes au faubourg Bannier" was inaugurated in Orléans. His major break through came with a commission to work on the monument at Melun, another Franco-Prussian war memorial. For this he was to receive the "Legion d'Honneur".
It was his long collaboration with Marcel Marron in Orleans that was to ensure that Desvergnes' work had the maximum exposure. Over the years 1902 to 1912, Desvergnes designed and made statues depicting Joan of Arc and Marron made copies of these works and marketed them to churches throughout France. The statues were life size. Desvergnes also sculpted some busts of Joan of Arc and these were again marketed by Marron.
In the years after the end of the Great War, there was a huge demand in France for war memorials. The loss of life had been enormous and every city, town and village in France felt the need to honour those who had lost their lives. There was a strict line drawn in France between public war memorials and those to be erected in parish churches and other religious buildings so in many cases communities sought to have a public and a religious memorial.
Again Desvergnes worked with Marron and designed and sculpted several memorials which Marron was to copy and market.
Thus Desvergnes' bas-relief of an angel drawing the attention of a dying soldier to Jesus on the cross, his composition showing an angel about to crown a soldier and his composition showing a soldier resting his foot on a German helmet can be seen throughout France.
Desvergnes' final work was at Beauvais Cathedral and was a study of the Bishop of Beauvais, Le Senne, seeking a pardon from Joan of Arc. Sadly Desvergnes died before this work was completed and it was finished off by others.
Towards the end of his life, Desvergnes left a collection of his work to his home town of Bellegarde, where it can be seen at the Pavillon d'Antin.
Desvergnes' work can be put into the following categories.

Early works including submissions for the Prix de Rome

Work	Location	Subject, notes and references
Bust of Thomy-Thiéry	Paris	Desvergnes executed a bust of Thomy-Thiéry an art collector and benefactor of the Louvre. This can be seen in the Musée d'Orsay.
Copy of a work of antiquity	Paris	Desvergnes' submission for the 1892 Prix de Rome was this copy of a work of antiquity. This is held in the archives of the Beaux-arts de Paris, l'école nationale supérieure.
Gaston Thys	Angers	This bronze bas-relief is held in the Musée des Beaux-arts in Angers. The work is dated 1892 and was executed in Rome.
"Tête de Christ ou la Résignation"	Paris	This was a work which Desvergnes submitted as part of his diploma course in 1888. This is held in the archives of the Beaux-arts de Paris, l'école nationale supérieure.
"Le retour de l'enfant prodigue"	Paris	This was Desvergnes' winning submission for the 1889 Prix de Rome. This is held in the archives of the Beaux-arts de Paris, l'école nationale supérieure.
"L'Egypte et l'Assyrie initiant la Grèce à la pratique des Arts"	Paris	Part of Desvergnes' diploma work and dating to 1884.

Early works. Public statues and monuments

Work	Location	Subject, notes and references
Monument to Dr. Duchenne	Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais	This work is dated 1899 and comprises a bronze bust of Dr Duchenne. The bust is positioned on a pedestal and below this bust a female figure is depicted writing an inscription on the pedestal. This female figure was meant to represent the rebirth of Boulogne. The monument is located in the boulevard Albert Ier. It is recorded that Desvergnes sculpted the bust free of charge. The bronze casting work was carried out by "les Forges de Bussy". Dr Duchenne was a native of Boulogne and a pioneer in neurology. He described progressive muscular dystrophy which is called "Duchenne's myopathy" as a tribute to his work.
Tomb of J. M. Vallet	Paris	Desvergnes added this magnificent sculpture to the grave of J. M. Vallet in the Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1870–1871 et des colonies	Melun	There are few monuments in France linked to the 1870–1871 war and it has been remarked that this may have been because they were defeated; there was little to celebrate! The pressure to build this monument came from Buval's "Union des Défenseurs de la Patrie en Seine-et-Marne." and the public support he received raised sufficient funds to cover the commissioning. Desvergnes was chosen to do the sculptural work and this for him would have been his first prestigious commission. The monument was inaugurated on 2 June 1901. At the top of the monument and on a pedestal is a bronze allegory of France. She holds the National flag and has three soldiers around her. At one side of this and on a smaller pedestal, Desvergnes' composition depicts another allegorical depiction of France, again in bronze and this time dressed in peasant dress and holding a sheaf of wheat. She is shown handing a rifle to a youngster. Looking at the monument from the rear we see that the third soldier on the top of the pedestal has been wounded and possibly mortally so. The monument is located in the boulevard Chamblain, and on the sides of the pedestal are bronze emblems. For the Navy we have an anchor, a beret, a rifle and some laurel, for the infantry, a helmet, rifle and lance and for the cavalry, a cuirasse, helmet, sabre and lance.
Statue of Jean de Meung	Meung-sur-Loire	This statue honours the writer Jean de Meung, author of "Roman de la Rose".
The bust of Dr.Denance	Varennes-Changy, Loiret	The bust of Dr.Denance is on a pedestal near the parish church. The original bust was in bronze and dedicated to Dr.Denance who had done much work to combat tuberculosis in the Loiret region. The present bust is of plaster as the Germans melted down the bronze bust to be used to make armaments during their occupation of the Second World War.
Monument to Gaillardin	Montargis	In 1920 Desvergnes was commissioned to executed the bronze monument which celebrated the victory of Gaillardin over the English in 1427. The episode is summarised on the inscription ": LE 3 SEPTEMBRE 1427 / APRES TROIS MOIS D'HEROIQUES EFFORTS / LES MILICES MONTARGOISES SECOURUES PAR DUBOIS / POTHON XAINTRAILLES LAMIRE / FORCERENT LES ANGLAIS COMMANDES / PAR WARWICK SUFFOLK ET LA POOL / A LEVER LE SIEGE DE LA VILLE / GAILLARDIN / CITOYEN DE MONTARGIS / S'EMPARA DE L'ETENDARD DE WARWICK / CET ETENDARD FUT BRULE EN In1789 / EN SIGNE DE FRATERNITE / DES NATIONS" In Desvergnes' composition Gaillardin stands with his foot on the chest of Warwick brandishing Warwick's flag in triumph.
Monument des Aydes	Orléans	Monument dedicated to an episode of the 1870-1871 war when Orléans was defended against the German invaders. The inscription reads "V. ARAGO 1833-1870; AUX DEFENSEURS / D'ORLEANS / 11 OCTOBRE 1870" Commemorates an action in which 5000 French soldiers faced 40,000 German soldiers and the commandant Arago was killed and is held as a national hero.
Monument aux morts- War of 1870–71	Thouars, Deux-Sèvres	This monument remembering the Franco-Prussian War was inaugurated on 16 November 1902.
Bust of Doctor Henri Poirot-Delpech	Sèvres	Desvergnes executed this bust in 1908. Poirot-Delpech had been the local mayor.

Early works. Medallions, bas-relief portraits

Work	Location	Subject, notes and references
Mme Desvergnes Mère	Nemours	Desvergnes executed a medallion depicting his mother in 1890. This is now held in the collections of the Château-Musée in Nemours.
C. Erlanger	Nemours	Desvergnes executed a bas-relief depicting C. Erlanger in 1891. The work indicates that it was executed in Rome. Erlanger was a good friend of Desvergnes. This is now held in the collections of the Château-Musée in Nemours.
Le prince Jérôme Napoléon	Nemours	Desvergnes executed a medallion depicting Prince Jérôme Napoléon. This work is also dated 1891 and inscribed "Roma". This is now held in the collections of the Château-Musée in Nemours.
Lily de Trützschler	Nemours	Desvergnes executed a bas-relief in 1890 depicting Lily de Trützschler. The inscription indicates work executed in Rome. This is now held in the collections of the Château-Musée in Nemours.
A. de Ridder	Nemours	Desvergnes executed a bas-relief depicting A.de Ridder. Work dated 1890. This is now held in the collections of the Château-Musée in Nemours.

There are several other Desvergnes medallions and bas-relief portraits held in the Nemours museum. These include studies of Leopoldo Taussig and U. Moreau, as well as a study entitled "Portrait d'homme" and another titled "Portrait de jeune femme".

Depictions of Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) and St Michael marketed by Marcel Marron

Through Marcel Marron, Desvergnes marketed several life-size models of Joan of Arc. The first was entitled "Sainte Jeanne d'Arc" and was catalogued as the "modéle universel". It was available in various sizes. In this work Joan has her hands clasped together, with one arm linked around a flag. She has a sword hanging from her right hip. Her hair is parted in the centre. The original work was carried out by Desvergnes in 1909. The next model dates to 1912 and is entitled "Jeanne d'Arc s'élevant a la Gloire Céleste". It was also marketed as the "modéle du Centenaire". It was available in five sizes. Here Desvergnes depicts Joan holding a flag in her right hand whilst her left hand is held up from her side. Here the sword hangs down from her waist and in front of her. She wears her hair in a fringe. The third model is known as the "Modéle de Trouville" and has the title "Jeanne d'Arc Triomphante". This was available in three sizes. Easy to distinguish from the earlier models as Jeanne wears a helmet. Again she holds the flag in her right hand whilst her left hand hangs away from her body. Her sword hangs from a belt and is on the left side. There was also a model of a winged St Michel after he had slain the dragon. He stands triumphant with left arm raised whilst his right hand rests on his sword. The dead dragon was depicted at his feet. Very often a church would choose a statue of St Jeanne and one of St Michel and display the two standing together. Marron also offered busts of St Jeanne by Desvergnes. In one she has her hair parted down the centre, in another she is helmeted and in a third she has her hair in a fringe. Interesting to note that each statue issued by Marron was given a unique and sequential number. In the case of the Beaugency statue which is mentioned below the unique number was 169.

Work	Location	Subject, notes and references
Statue in Saint-Claude Parish Church at Beaugency	Beaugency, Loiret	In the Beaugency church of Saint Claude, there is a modéle universel edition of a Joan of Arc statue. Each Desvergnes/Marron statue was given a unique number and the Beaugency model was marked number "169". Beaugency also has a bust of St Joan; one of the Desvergnes/Marron editions.
The Parish Church of St George.	Azerables, Creuse	In this church the modéle universel was chosen and the records show that it was marked as number "1533".
The Parish Church of Douadic	Douadic, Indre	In the church of St Ambroise is another modéle universel this time bearing the number 1688.
The Parish Church of Saint Anne.	Amiens, Somme	In this Amiens church in the rue Vulfran-Warmé is a brilliantly coloured version of the modéle universel.
The Parish Church of St Martin	Le Pertre, Ille-et-Vilaine	In this Brittany church there is an example of "Jeanne d'Arc s'élevant a la Gloire Céleste".
St Joan shown with St Michael slaying the dragon.	Les Pujols, Ariège	The composition in Les Pujols' parish church of St Blaise comprises two large statues of St Joan and St Michael slaying the dragon and a smaller work depicting the immaculate conception. Here the statue of St Michael is the work of the sculptor E. Lancé but the St Joan is a Desvergnes/Marron model.
The Parish Church of Sainte-Mélanie	Messé, Deux-Sèvres	In this church there is a Desvergnes/Marron edition of St Michael slaying the dragon. Interesting to note the number on the base is "217"
The parish church of Notre-Dame	Losse, Landes	This church has a Desvergnes/Marron figure of St Michael slaying the dragon with St Joan at his side.

Other work. Churches

Some of Desvergnes' monument aux morts are listed below as are details of his statues of Joan of Arc. It must be stressed that the list is not definitive.
The lists identify where monument aux morts were made and marketed through Masson, and have been recorded where possible by the model involved. Otherwise Desvergnes did work with other founders or other marketing arms and also produced the occasional monument aux mort independently. Again separate lists have been drawn up.

Monuments aux morts. Models marketed by Marcel Marron

Marcel Marron was a company based in Orleans who sold statues and memorials. They worked with Charles Desvergnes and their joint works, mostly bas-reliefs, and of a religious nature, can be seen throughout France. The most popular works were-"Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu", "Le Divin modèle", "L'Héroïque poilu de France" and "Lauriers célestes". The composition of "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu" comprises an angel, a soldier and a central upright stone. Normally the names of the men remembered would be inscribed on this stone and sometimes an epitaph. The angel stands at the back of the upright stone. She has a sprig of laurel in her left hand and in her right hand she holds a crown. She holds this crown over the head of the soldier who stands to the right of the central upright. He stands with hands held together and legs crossed. In the "Le Divin modèle", we have a wounded or dying soldier being comforted by a winged angel. She is pointing to the figure of Christ on the cross which is behind them and which appears to be rising up from the trenches where we see soldiers carrying the wounded away from the front line. "L'Héroïque poilu de France" depicts a standing soldier who is resting his foot on the spiked helmet worn by German soldiers. It was this model which the Germans were to take exception to during the Second World War occupation and many such monuments were destroyed. The composition of "Lauriers célestes" was of three elements. In the centre Desvergnes depicted the crucified Christ and to the left an angel carrying some laurel. This and the panel to the left was an ornate composition with fruit, oak leaves and other foliage.

Monuments aux morts. Models marketed by Marcel Marron."''Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu''"

Work	Location	Subject, notes and references
The monument aux morts at Mennevret	Mennevret, Aisne	In the parish church is an "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu"
The monument aux morts at Eréac	Éréac	An example of "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu", a version in plaster inaugurated 18 September 1921.
The monument aux morts at Mézières-sur-Oise	Mézières-sur-Oise, Aisne	Another good example of "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu".
The monument aux morts of Montaigu-de-Quercy	Montaigu-de-Quercy, Tarn-et-Garonne	This church has another "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu".
The monument aux morts at Préveranges	Préveranges, Cher	The monument here was inaugurated 20 June 1923.
The monument aux morts at Saint-Civran	Saint-Civran, Indre	Inaugurated 8 March 1923.
The monument aux morts at Saint-Hilaire-les-Andrésis	Saint-Hilaire-les-Andrésis, Loiret	Another "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu".
The monument aux mort at Thiézac	Thiézac, Cantal	This monument was given to the parish by Mr and Mrs Pierre Justin Laveissière of Clout in memory of their son who died in combat.
The monument aux morts at Saint-Sauveur-d'Aunis	Saint-Sauveur-d'Aunis, Charente-Maritime	In the Priory of Saint-Sauveur which serves as the parish church is a Desvergnes/Marron edition of "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu".
The monument aux morts at Saint-Geours-de-Maremne	Saint-Geours-de-Maremne, Landes	The parish church of St Georges also has a "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu".
The monument aux morts at Léon	Léon, Landes	The monument aux morts at Saint-Geours-de-Maremne is repeated in the Léon parish church of Saint-André.

This is by no means a complete list of all the copies of "Ange de reconnaissance couronnant un poilu" to be found in French churches

Monuments aux morts. Models marketed by Marcel Marron."''Le Divin modèle''"

Work	Location	Subject, notes and references
The monument aux morts at Marcoing	Marcoing, Nord	This church has a "Le Divin modèle"
The monument aux morts at Semons	Semons, Isère	The version the "Le Divin modèle" in this church was inaugurated on 29 January 1922.
The monument aux morts at Malzéville	Malzéville, Meurthe-et-Moselle	The parish church of St Martin in Malzéville has a Desvergnes/Marron "Le Divin modèle".The monument takes the form of a triptych. The bas-relief is in the centre and on either sides are marble plaques with the names of the 233 people, servicemen and civilians, who lost their lives in the Great War. Two further plaques have been added which list those 47 people who were killed in the Second World War.
The monument aux morts at Achicourt	Achicourt, Pas-de-Calais	The parish church has a version of "Le Divin modèle". The monument was inaugurated on 13 July 1924.
The monument aux morts at Authon-du-Perche	Authon-du-Perche, Eure-et-Loir	Monument inaugurated 23 October 1921.
The monument aux morts at Bonny-sur-Loire	Bonny-sur-Loire, Loiret	Another "Le Divin modèle" in the parish church.

A further church which features "Le Divin modèle" is the parish church at La Ferté-Loupière in Yonne. Again it should be stressed that this is not a definitive list of churches that hold the "Le Divin modèle".

Other Desvergnes/Marron versions of monument aux morts

Monuments aux morts. Other models marketed by Marcel Marron."''Grenadier''" and others

Work	Location	Subject, notes and references
The monument aux morts at Gien	Gien, Loiret	The Gien monument featured an allegorical depiction of France and a grenadier. This monument was inaugurated on 30 March 1924. This Marron edition did not prove a popular one.
The monument aux morts at Beaune-la-Rolande	Beaune-la-Rolande, Loiret	This monument featured just the Desvergnes/Marron "Grenadier".
The monument aux morts at Puiseaux	Puiseaux, Loiret	A Desvergnes/Marron edition that depicted a woman writing the names of those remembered on an upright stone.
The monument aux morts at Vincennes	Vincennes, Val-de-Marne	This monument again incurred the wrath of the occupying Germans in the Second World War but the local mairie has kept a small version. This is very much a salute to the soldiers of Vincennes over the years and Desvergnes depicts the King Philippe-Auguste, Saint-Louis, Charles V and Henry IV, the Count of Rantzau, the Prince of Condé, Mazarin, Colbert, La Fayette, Mirabeau, Daumesnil, the Duke of Aumale, the "polytechniciens" of 1814 to 1815, an artillery man and a cavalry. At the very top a French soldier rested his foot on the head of an Imperial German eagle. The whole composition was considered anti-German and dynamited by the German army on 26 July 1940.
Monument aux morts in the Cathedral of Périgueux	Périgueux, Dordogne	In this work a bas-relief depicts the Virgin Mary and a kneeling figure who carries a child for her to bless.