Charding Nullah
The Charding Nullah, traditionally known as the Lhari stream and called Demchok River by China, is a small river that originates near the Charding La pass that is also on the border between the two countries and flows northeast to join the Indus River near a peak called "Demchok Karpo" or "Lhari Karpo". There are villages on both sides of the mouth of the river called by the same name "Demchok", which is presumed to have been a single village originally, and has gotten split into two due to geopolitical reasons. The river serves as the de facto border between China and India in the southern part of the Demchok sector.Etymology
The Indian government refers to the river as "Charding Nullah" after its place of origin, the Charding La pass, with nullah meaning a mountain stream.
The Chinese government uses the term "Demchok river" by the location of its mouth, near the Demchok Karpo peak and the Demchok village.
Some of the historical documents call the river "Lhari stream". Lhari, meaning "holy mountain" in Tibetan, is a reference to the white rocky peak behind the Ladakhi Demchok village. It has also been referred to as "Lari Karpo" and "Demchok Lari Karpo" in Tibetan documents.
"Lhari stream at Demchok" is the phrase used in the 1684 Treaty of Tingmosgang, forming the basis for the Indian government's identification of the stream with Charding Nullah. The Indian identification is supported by scholars.Geography
Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction
The Charding Nullah flows northeast along a narrow mountain valley. Halfway down the valley it is joined by another nullah from the left, called Nilung. The Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction, near Nilding, is recognised by both the Indian and Chinese border troops as a strategic point. Nilung River originates from the Nilun La, which lies west of Charding La. In the Indian administered area are the Lungkar La, Jamlung La and Umling La, all connected by the BRO Roads from the India side from Chisumle, over these passes and to the left bank of Nilung stream and the left bank of Chardhing Nullah to Demchok. The right bank of Chardhing Nullah is administered by China.The entire area surrounding the Charding Nullah is referred to as the Changthang plateau. It consists of rocky mountain heights of Ladakh and Kailas ranges and sandy river valleys which are only good for grazing yaks, sheep and goats reared by Changpa nomads. The Indian-controlled northern side of the nullah is close to Hanle, the site of the Hanle Monastery. The Chinese-controlled southern side has the village of Tashigang which also has a monastery, both having been built by the Ladakhi ruler Sengge Namgyal. At the end of Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War, the Tibetan troops retreated to Tashigang where they fortified themselves.Mouth
At the bottom of the valley, the Charding Nullah branches into a 2 km-wide delta as it joins the Indus river. During the British colonial period, there were villages on both the sides of the delta, going by the name "Demchok". The southern village appears to have been the main one, frequently referred to by travelers.Prior to the Sino-Indian War of 1962, India had established a border post to the south of the delta. As the war progressed, the post was evacuated and the Chinese forces occupied it. China has repeatedly attempted to block India's access to Patrol Points in this area of Demchok sector.