Cercospora kikuchii
Cercospora kikuchii is a fungal plant pathogen that affects soybeans. It results in both the Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain diseases on soybean and is found almost worldwide. C. kikuchii produces the toxin cercosporin, as do a number of other Cercospora species.
Symptoms
Seed: The disease on the host soybean itself can be determined by a light activated red perlene quinon, cercosporin, with a molecular weight of 534. In being exposed to light, cercosporin causes oxidative damage to the hosts cells membranes, lipids, and proteins, resulting in cell death. Purple seed stain by Cercospora can be determined by a variety of factors. First, infected seeds have spots that are usually pink or purple. The size can be from minuscule to covering the whole seed. The coloration will be from the hilum area. Germination and seedling size may be delayed after 50% of the seed is covered. They may also have lower oil and higher protein.Cotyledons: Cotyledons will shrivel and fall off.
Stems: Stems will have red deep lesions about ¼ inch in size.
Leaves: Young leaves on top and bottom will have reddish purple lesions from minuscule to ½ inch in size. The leaf itself will become purple, described as a dark bronzing. Severely infected upper leaves will fall off. If this defoliation occurs during the period of seed fill, significant yield losses have been recorded.
Environment
C. kuckuchii has a large range of habitable environments, but it is most prolific, and the greatest threat in top soybean producing countries such as Brazil, China, the United States, and India. The disease thrives in conditions of high temperature and humidity. “Sporulation increases as temperature rises above 80 degrees Fahrenheit”. More wind and water will result in further and more spore distribution on plant tissue. It usually occurs later in the season around August. The disease survives on crop residue from four months to four years. This means it thrives on no till tilled repeat planted fields.Management
Extended crop rotation and residue incorporation reduces inoculum.Seed treatment foliar fungicides applied during R3- R5 can reduce blight incidence and severity.
The farmers can blend infected beans with clean and still sell them. Dr. Anne Dorrance in 2019 also suggested planting varieties with resistance to Cercospora, plant disease free seeds, proper plant spacing to prevent spore spreading, and harvest during dry times.