Central Pashto


Central Pashto is a standard variety of the Pashto language, spoken in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. They are the middle dialects of Mangal, Zadran, Mahsudi and Waziri. These dialects are affected by what Ibrahim Khan terms as "the Great Karlāṇ Vowel Shift".
Here is a comparison of Middle Dialects with South Eastern:
Central Dialectsښږڅځژ
Waziri
Dzadrāṇi
Mahsudi, ,

Northern

Zadrani

Daniel Septfonds provides the following example:

Vowel Shift

In Źadrāṇi, a vowel shift like Waziri has been noted:
KandaharMeaningZadraniN.Wazirwola
هوښيار
/huʂ.ˈjɑr/
huṣ̌yā́r
Intelligentox̌yór
/oç.ˈjor/
ošyór
/ɔʃ.ˈjɔr/
پياله
/pjɑ.ˈla/
pyālá
Cuppyolá, pyelá
/pjo.ˈla/, /pjo.ˈla/
pyolá
/pjɔ.ˈla/

Afridi/Apridi is also categorised as a Northern Phonology.

Vowel Shift

There is presence of the additional vowels close-mid central rounded vowel /Close-mid [central rounded vowel|ɵ]/ and open back rounded vowel /ɒː / in Apridi. The following vowel shift has been noted by Jdosef Elfenbein:
  • The in Pashto can become and also in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
ten
sound
six
day

  • The in Pashto can become in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
upon

  • The in Pashto can becomes in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
mother

  • The in Pashto can becomes in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
asleep

Lexical Comparison

Naseem Khan Naseem provides the following list:

Sample Text

The following difference can be noticed in pronunciation:
Literary PashtoApridi PashtoYusapzai PashtoMeaning
پورته شو بېل کښېناستۀpɵ́rta šo byel kenɒstópórta šo byal kenāstóhe went ahead, sat separately.
pórta šo bel kx̌enāstə́pɵ́rta šo byel kenɒstópórta šo byal kenāstóhe went ahead, sat separately.

Kurama

The following is an example from Central Kurram agency; where a change in /ɑ/ to /ɔ/ can be seen:
Literary PashtoKurram PashtoMeaning
هغه ددې نه ډېر بهتر و. خو چې اوس ړنګ شو خدای نه راغله. بس اوس موږ دې کښې ډېر خوشحاله يوáğa da de na ḍer bextár u. xo če os ṛang šo xodai na rɔ́ ğla. bas os mug de ke ḍer xošɔ́la yuThat was much better than this. But now that it is destroyed it came from God. Now we are very happy in this; that's all.
háğa da de na ḍer behtár wə. xo če os ṛang šo xwdāi na rā́ ğla. bas os mug de kx̌e ḍer xošā́la yu.áğa da de na ḍer bextár u. xo če os ṛang šo xodai na rɔ́ ğla. bas os mug de ke ḍer xošɔ́la yuThat was much better than this. But now that it is destroyed it came from God. Now we are very happy in this; that's all.

Southern

Waziri

Vowel Shift

In Waziri Pashto there is also a vowel shift
In Waziri dialect the in most other dialects of Pashto becomes in Northern Waziri and in Southern Waziri.
MeaningStandard PashtoN.WazirwolaS. Wazirwola
ماستهyougurt/mɑs.t̪əˈ//mɔːs.ˈt̪ə//mɒːs.ˈt̪ə/
پاڼهleaf/pɑˈ.ɳa//ˈpɔː.ɳjɛː//ˈpɒː.ɳjɛː/

In Waziri dialect the stressed in most other dialects of Pashto becomes and. The in general Pashto may also become or .
MeaningStandard PashtoWazirwola
لورsickle/lor//lœːr/
وړهflour/o.ɽəˈ//ɛː.ˈɽə/
اوږهshoulder/o.ɡaˈ//jɛ.ˈʒa/
اوسnow/os//wɛːs/
In Waziri dialect the stressed in general Pashto becomes.
MeaningStandard PashtoWazirwola
موږwe/muɡ//miːʒ/
نومname/num//niːm/

When in begins a word in general Pashto can become , or
MeaningStandard PashtoWazirwola
اومraw/um//jiːm/
اوږهgarlic/ˈu.ɡa//ˈwiː.ʒa/
اودهasleep/u.ˈd̪ə//wɜ.ˈd̪ə/

Diphthongs in Waziri

A change is noticed:
Standard PronunciationWaziri
ˈaɪ


Khattak

Vowel Lengthening

The Khattak dialect, as deduced by Yusuf Khan Jazab in contrast to non-Karāṇi dialects differentiates lexemes in term of vowel lengthening.
Example: between and - transcribed as "e" and "ē" respectively to indicated the distinction.
KhattakStandard PashtoMeaning
de dē xabə́redə de xabə́reOf this talk
IPAOf this talk

Vocabulary

The following words which are rare in Kandhari and Yusapzai Pashto, were noted by Yousaf Khan Jazab in the Khattak dialect:

Baniswola Banusi

Nasalisation

In the Bannu dialect the nasalisation of vowels has been noted, as mentioned by Yousuf Khan Jazab:

Stress

As with other dialects stress on a particular syllable can also change the meaning of a word or aspect of the verb.