Central Jê languages


The Akuwẽ or Central languages are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by two extant languages and two extinct or dormant, scarcely attested languages. Together with the Goyaz Jê languages, they form the Cerrado branch of the family.

Phonology

The Akuwẽ languages share a number of characteristic innovations, such as the Akuwẽ/Central Jê vowel shift, the sound change *ka- > *wa-, and the occlusive merger, which distinguish them clearly from all other Jê languages.
A characteristic feature of the Akuwẽ languages is the existence of complex allomorphy patterns whereby the choice of the allomorph is conditioned by the position of the word within a syntagm. It has been suggested that it is possible to derive both allomorphs from uniform underlying representations, which involve underlying codas.

Historical development

The onsets of Proto-Cerrado have evolved in the following way in Proto-Akuwẽ.
Note that the onsets *p, *t, and *k are synchronically found preceding not only non-high oral vowels in Proto-Akuwẽ, but also preceding innovative high vowels and nasal vowels. The reflexes *b, *d, and *h are found preceding only those vowels that were already high in Proto-Cerrado.

Lexicon

Predicate number">Verbal number">Predicate number

The Akuwẽ languages commonly employ different lexemes for singular, dual, and plural predicates. Although the lexicalized expression of verbal number is pervasive in the family in general, the Akuwẽ languages are remarkable in having triads of verbs contrasting in number.