Caquetio
Caquetío are the Indigenous people of northwestern Venezuela, as well as the islands of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. The Caquetío along with their neighbors, the Jirajara and Quiriquire tribes, were largely diminished due to Spanish colonization. Although no full-blooded Caquetío remain today, notable Caquetío DNA can still be found in the modern populations of Aruba and northwestern Venezuela. The Caquetío language belongs to the Arawakan family of languages, being closely related to the Jirajara language. The Caquetío language is termed a "ghost" language because little to no trace of the language survives. Only the name remains, saved in 17th-century texts.
Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire
When the Spanish arrived in Aruba around 1500 they found the Caquetío in Aruba, living much as they did in the Stone Age. The Caquetío had probably migrated to Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire in canoes made from hollowed-out logs they used for fishing. Such crossings from the Paraguana peninsula in Venezuela, across the 17 miles of open sea to Aruba, would be possible in the canoes the Caquetío of Venezuela built.According to Dutch government records, the last full-blooded Caquetío native of the island died in Aruba around 1862, although Caquetío ancestry is still prevalent in Arubans to this day. Recent Mitochondrial DNA analysis in Aruba has shown the presence of significant Amerindian DNA in the modern Aruban population. Traces of the Caquetío language can also be found in the language of the ABC islands, known as Papiamento.
Spanish period
During the first years of colonization, the natives of Aruba were described by the Spaniards as Caquetíos. In addition, the Caquetíos in the mainland were the tribe geographically closest to Aruba, and archaeological evidence points towards close ties between both groups during pre-Columbian times. Perhaps as many as 600 lived in Aruba at the time of the Spanish arrival in 1499.Together with Curaçao and Bonaire, Aruba was declared an island without use in 1513, and two years later some 2,000 Caquetíos from the three islands combined were forcibly brought to Hispaniola to work in mines. These people presumably comprised the entire population of the islands, but 150 to 200 were returned to Aruba and Curaçao in 1526 to work on the exportation of brazilwood, kwihi, and divi-divi. The people returned to Aruba and Curaçao were mainly Caquetíos, but some Arawaks from other Caribbean islands were included in the group. Because of the complexity of the Aruba cave labyrinths, it is possible that they were mostly natives who had escaped deportation, but they could have been recent migrants from the mainland. In addition, substantial mainland-to-Aruba migrations of escapees occurred from 1529 to 1556, during the development of the Venezuelan colony.
Dutch period
Aruba was neglected by the Spaniards from 1533 until the Dutch conquest of 1636, when Spanish and native languages were widely spoken. Upon the Dutch conquest the Spaniards fled, and the natives were deported to the mainland because they were regarded as sympathetic to the Spaniards. However, in that same year of 1636, the Dutch West India Company assigned Aruba the duty of breeding horses and cattle, and natives were chosen for these endeavors because they had a good reputation as wild-horse hunters. Also, some in war with Spaniards west of Maracaibo fled to Aruba.The importance of Aruba diminished after the 1648 Peace of Münster treaty was signed between the Netherlands and Spain, and the island was neglected again. In 1655, the Dutch West Indian Company recognized free inhabitants of Aruba as trade partners. These people were assigned a piece of land on which to maintain themselves through cultivation; they also cut and sold wood and exploited marine resources. Alexandre Exquemelin, who wrote about his experiences as a buccaneer in the Caribbean, gives a description of the Aruban way of life during the second half of the 17th century. Exquemelin said the people spoke Spanish, were Catholic, and were visited frequently by Spanish priests from the mainland. As an example of their strong links with the mainland, some 200 residents agreed to leave Aruba in 1723 to raise the Venezuelan town of El Carrizal under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the city of Coro.