Canton of St. Gallen


The canton of St. Gallen or St Gall is a canton of Switzerland. Its capital is St. Gallen.
Located in northeastern Switzerland, the canton has an area of and a resident population close to half a million as of 2015. It was formed in 1803 as a conflation of the city of St. Gallen, the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and various former subject territories of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
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History

Prehistoric human activity in the area of the canton of St. Gallen is evidenced by the findings of stone tools and animal bones at Wildenmannlisloch cave in the Toggenburg region, which date back to the Paleolithic period. Slightly older are the finds at cave in the Sarganserland region.
The Tabula Peutingeriana shows a Roman era|Roman] road and a settlement, Ad Rhenum, near the southern coast of Lake Constance. Centum Prata was a Roman vicus, now located in the municipality of Rapperswil-Jona. The, a Roman watchtower in the municipality of Amden, dates back to 15 BC.
The canton of St. Gallen is an artificial construct of various historical territories, defined by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Act of Mediation in 1803. About half of the canton's area corresponds to the acquisitions of the abbey of St. Gallen over centuries.
The city of St. Gallen became independent of the abbey in 1405. At the same time, the abbey lost control of Appenzell. Conversely, the Toggenburg was acquired by the Abbey in 1468. Both the city and the abbey were associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy, but unlike Appenzell never joined as full members.
Before the 1798 French invasion,
the territory of the modern canton of St. Gallen consisted of the free city of St. Gallen, the territories of the Abbey of St. Gallen, the free city of Rapperswil, Pfäfers Abbey, Sargans and the independent lordships of Rheintal, Sax-Forstegg, Hohensax, Werdenberg, Windegg and Uznach.
In the Helvetic Republic, the northern parts of the modern canton of St. Gallen, together with Appenzell, became the canton of Säntis, while its southern parts, together with Glarus and parts of Schwyz, became the canton of Linth.
However, the two new cantons had immediate financial problems and were forced to institute a number of unpopular taxes and laws. The Abbey was secularized on 17 September 1798 and the Prince-Abbot Pankraz Vorster fled to Vienna. The unpopular laws and the closing of the Abbey caused unrest throughout the area. When the War of the Second Coalition broke out in 1799, an Austrian army marched into eastern Switzerland and returned the Prince-Abbot to his throne at the Abbey. However, his victory was short-lived. The Austrian and Russian armies were defeated outside Zurich and the French Army returned to St. Gallen, driving the Prince-Abbot out. In 1803, as part of the Act of Mediation, the area joined the Swiss Confederation as the Canton of St. Gallen.
The cantonal constitution of 1803 was revised in 1814. Because of the confessional heterogeneity of the canton's population, the 1814 constitution did unusually organise matters of religion, marriage and education not on a cantonal level but introduced a twofold division, with separate Protestant and a Catholic assemblies subordinate to the legislative cantonal assembly.
The constitution was revised again in 1831, introducing elements of direct democracy. The constitution of 1831 divided the canton into 15 districts,
reduced to 14 in 1918.
Due to continuing confessional squabbles over the organisation of schools, the canton eventually placed education under its authority in 1861. The constitution was revised again in 1890, with a stronger emphasis on direct democracy.
The 1890 constitution remained in effect, with numerous later changes, until 2001, the date of the latest revision of the cantonal constitution, when the division into districts was replaced by a division into eight constituencies, effective 1 January 2003.

Geography

The canton of St. Gallen is located in the north east of Switzerland and is part of the Eastern Switzerland region. To the north-east, the canton borders Lake Constance. To the east lies the Alpine [Rhine Valley], with the Alpine Rhine and "Old Rhine" representing the borders with Austria and Liechtenstein. To the south, the canton is bounded by the cantons of the Grisons, Glarus and Schwyz. To the west lies the canton of Zurich and to the north and west the canton of Thurgau. The two cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are completely surrounded by the territory of the canton of St. Gallen.
The main rivers of the canton are the Rhine, Thur, Linth and Seez. Other rivers in the canton are the Jona, Seerenbach, Necker, Sitter, Saar and Tamina. The topography changes from the plains near river Rhine, the Swiss Plateau and Lake Constance, towards the mountainous areas of the Alps in the south, which includes also part of the Alpstein massif. About one third of the canton is wooded, while nearly half of it is used for farming. of the farm land is Alpine pastures. Of the rest of the canton, is considered unproductive, while is filled with housing or roads.
The land elevation above the sea-level varies from to . The canton includes portions of Lake Constance, the Walensee, and Lake Zurich, and several small lakes and reservoirs wholly within its limits. The only island in the canton is the Schnittlauchinsel in the Walensee.
The mountains of the canton include part of a thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona, in 2008. The Churfirsten is located entirely within the canton of St. Gallen and features a cave, the Wildenmannlisloch.

Political subdivisions

Constituencies

Since 2003 the canton is subdivided into 8 constituencies replacing the districts.

Municipalities

There are 77 municipalities in the canton.

Demographics

88% of the population is German-speaking.
The main centres of population are the capital St. Gallen, Rapperswil-Jona, Wil and Gossau.
, the population included 97,461 foreigners, or about 20.9% of the total population.
The majority of the population is Roman Catholic while a large minority is Protestant.

Historical population

The historical population is given in the following table:

Economy

Agricultural activity consists predominantly of dairy farming and cattle breeding in the mountainous areas. In the plains fruit and wine production are important, but there is also mixed farming. Industries of the canton include optical goods, pyrotechnics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Tourism and recreation

Tourism plays an important role in the many resorts and a great number of List of [ski areas and resorts in Switzerland#Eastern Switzerland|winter sports facilities]., near Eschenbach, and Flumserberg are summer and winter sports areas, both featuring summer toboggans and a ski areas. There is a thermal spa in Bad Ragaz and another one in St. Margrethen. Quinten, located on the steep slope on the northern shore of Walensee, is a car-free village and a popular hiking area.

Education

Higher educational institutions include the Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, with campuses in Buchs, Rapperswil-Jona and St. Gallen, and the University of St. Gallen in St. Gallen. There are in total six gymnasia : two in St. Gallen, and one each in Au, Sargans, Wattwil and Wil.

Transport

Regional rail within the canton and neighbouring areas is provided mainly by St. Gallen S-Bahn. Some lines are also part of the Bodensee S-Bahn. Additionally, PostAuto and several other bus operators serve towns and villages within the canton. Rail and bus services operate within the.
Several cable cars and two funiculars provide access to mountains.
The Schiffsbetrieb Walensee operates boat cruises on Walensee. The ZSG runs boat cruises on Lake Zurich, including Obersee. operates boats on Lake Constance and Alter Rhein. Main harbours are in Rapperswil and Rorschach. Landing stages are also present in Rheineck and Schmerikon.
The canton is served by St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport, which provides direct routes to Vienna in Austria and to some European destinations which are operated by People's airlines. However, Zurich Airport is frequently used by air travellers from the canton which provides most domestic and international destinations.
The canton is traversed by the following motorways: A1 in the north, A3 in the south, A13 in the east, A15 in the west. Mountain passes are Foo Pass, Hulftegg Pass, Oberricken Pass, Ricken Pass, Riseten Pass, Ruppen Pass, Schwägalp Pass, St. Anton Pass, and Wildhaus Pass.