C (musical note)

C or Do is the first note of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale, and the fourth note of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch. It has enharmonic equivalents of B and D.
In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only in the context of fixed Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.

Frequency

Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz. Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.

Octave nomenclature

Middle C

Middle C is designated C₄ in scientific pitch notation, c in Helmholtz pitch notation, and note number 60 in the MIDI standard.
While the expression middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C₄ may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C₅ would be middle C. This practice has led some to encourage standardizing on C₄ as the definitive middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.
On the grand staff, middle C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass staff or below the bottom line of the treble staff. Alternatively, it is written on the centre line of a staff using the alto clef, or on the fourth line from the bottom, or the second line from the top, of staves using the tenor clef.

Other octaves

In vocal music, the term High C can refer to either the soprano's C₆ or the tenor's C₅; soprano written as the C two ledger lines above the treble clef, with the tenor voice the space above concert A, sung an octave lower. Sometimes written with “8v” below the treble, to represent the octave.
Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C₃, the note one octave below middle C. In older stoplists it usually means that a rank was not yet full compass, omitting the bottom octave, until that octave was added later on.

Designation by octave

Graphic presentation

Scales

Common scales beginning on C

C major: C D E F G A B C′
C natural minor: C D E F G A B C′
C harmonic minor: C D E F G A B C′
C melodic minor ascending: C D E F G A B C′
C melodic minor descending: C′ B A G F E D C
[Diatonic scale]s
C Ionian: C D E F G A B C′
C Dorian: C D E F G A B C′
C Phrygian: C D E F G A B C′
C Lydian: C D E F G A B C′
C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B C′
C Aeolian: C D E F G A B C′
C Locrian: C D E F G A B C′
Jazz melodic minor">Jazz scale#Modes of the melodic minor scale">Jazz melodic minor
C ascending melodic minor: C D E F G A B C′
C Dorian ♭2: C D E F G A B C′
C Lydian augmented: C D E F G A B C′
C Lydian dominant: C D E F G A B C′
C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A B C′
C Locrian ♮2: C D E F G A B C′
C altered: C D E F G A B C′