Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane


Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, also called HNIW and CL-20, is a polycyclic nitroamine explosive with the formula. It has a better oxidizer-to-fuel ratio than conventional HMX or RDX. It releases 20% more energy than traditional HMX-based propellants.

History and use

In the 1980s, CL-20 was developed by the China Lake facility, primarily to be used in propellants.
While most development of CL-20 has been fielded by the Thiokol Corporation, the US Navy has also been interested in CL-20 for use in rocket propellants, such as for missiles, as it has lower observability characteristics such as less visible smoke.
Thus far, CL-20 has only been used in the AeroVironment Switchblade 300 “kamikaze” drone, but is undergoing testing for use in the Lockheed Martin AGM-158C Long Range Anti-Ship Missile and AGM-158B Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile-Extended Range.
The Indian Armed Forces have also looked into CL-20.
The Taiwanese National Chung-Shan [Institute of Science and Technology] inaugurated a CL-20 production facility in 2022 with reported integration into the HF-2 and HF-3 product lines.

Synthesis

First, benzylamine is condensed with glyoxal under acidic and dehydrating conditions to yield the first intermediate compound. Four benzyl groups selectively undergo hydrogenolysis using palladium on carbon and hydrogen. The amino groups are then acetylated during the same step using acetic anhydride as the solvent. Finally, compound 4 is reacted with nitronium tetrafluoroborate and nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate, resulting in HNIW.

Cocrystals

In August 2011, Adam Matzger and Onas Bolton published results showing that a cocrystal of CL-20 and TNT had twice the stability of CL-20—safe enough to transport, but when heated to the cocrystal may separate into liquid TNT and a crystal form of CL-20 with structural defects that is somewhat less stable than CL-20.
In August 2012, Onas Bolton et al. published results showing that a cocrystal of 2 parts CL-20 and 1 part HMX had similar safety properties to HMX, but with a greater firing power closer to CL-20.

Polymeric derivatives

In 2017, K.P. Katin and M.M. Maslov designed one-dimensional covalent chains based on the CL-20 molecules. Such chains were constructed using molecular bridges for the covalent bonding between the isolated CL-20 fragments. It was theoretically predicted that their stability increased with efficient length growth. A year later, M.A. Gimaldinova and colleagues demonstrated the versatility of molecular bridges. It is shown that the use of bridges is the universal technique to connect both CL-20 fragments in the chain and the chains together to make a network. It is confirmed that the increase of the effective sizes and dimensionality of the CL-20 covalent systems leads to their thermodynamic stability growth. Therefore, the formation of CL-20 crystalline covalent solids seems to be energetically favorable, and CL-20 molecules are capable of forming not only molecular crystals but bulk covalent structures as well. Numerical calculations of CL-20 chains and networks' electronic characteristics revealed that they were wide-bandgap semiconductors.