GM Family 1 engine


The GM Family I is a straight-four piston engine that was developed by Opel, a former subsidiary of General Motors and now a subsidiary of PSA Group, to replace the Vauxhall OHV, Opel OHV and the smaller capacity Opel CIH engines for use on small to mid-range cars from Opel/Vauxhall. The engine first appeared in the Opel Kadett D in 1979, and shortly afterwards in its Vauxhall badged sister – the Vauxhall Astra Mk.1 in 1980. Despite this, the previous Opel OHV engine continued to be sold in entry level versions of the Opel Kadett/Astra and Corsa throughout the 1980s.
The Family I is informally known as the "small block", since it shares its basic design and architecture with the larger Family II engine|Family II] unit, which covers the mid range and higher engine capacities up to 2400cc.
Originally produced at the Aspern engine plant, production was moved to the Szentgotthárd engine plant in Hungary with the introduction of the DOHC version. GM do Brasil at São José dos Campos, GMDAT at Bupyeong and GM North America at Toluca also build these engines. The Family II units, by contrast were manufactured by Holden in Australia.

Design

The Family 1 engines are inline-four cylinder engines with belt-driven single or double overhead camshafts in an aluminum cylinder head with a cast iron engine block. GM do Brasil versions were also capable of running on ethanol. These engines share their basic design with the larger Family II engine – for this reason some consider the Family I and Family II to be the same series and instead use the terms 'small block' and 'large block' to distinguish between the two. Over the years there has been overlap between the two types as the smallest capacities of the Family II have also been manufactured with larger capacity versions of the Family I block.
Early build versions of the engine gained a notorious reputation for camshaft and follower failure – this was largely due to a special lubricant being used in the engine during the running in period, which would be changed for conventional oil at the first service. Many owners would often exacerbate the problem by changing the oil themselves within the running in period. Opel solved the problem by improving the metallurgy of the camshaft and followers, and changing the lubrication specification. Another issue, revolved around the water pump, which sits in an eccentric shaped housing and doubles as the timing belt tensioner. If poor quality antifreeze, corrosion would jam the water pump in its housing making it impossible to tension the belt. Later versions of the engine incorporate a separate tensioning/jockey pulley for tensioning the belt.
GM do Brasil specializes in SOHC, petrol-powered and FlexPower engines. GM Brasil also made 16-valve versions of the 1.0 engine. The 1.0 L 16v was available in the Corsa line-up from 1999 to 2001.

SOHC

the first versions of the Family I appeared in the Opel Kadett D in 1979, and the corresponding Vauxhall Astra Mk.1 in the spring of 1980.

1.0

The version has a bore and a stroke.
EnginePowerTorqueCompression RatioFuel DeliveryEngine ManagementApplicationsNotes
C10YEH at 6400 rpm at 3000 rpmMulti-point fuel injectionMultec
X10YFL at 6400 rpm at 5200 rpm12.6:1Multi-point fuel injectionMultec FR4Higher outputs when using ethanol
X10YFH at 6400 rpm at 3200 rpm12.6:1Multi-point fuel injectionMotronic 7.9.9Higher outputs when using ethanol
N10YFH at 6400 rpm at 3200 rpm12.6:1Multi-point fuel injectionMultec MT27EHigher outputs when using ethanol

1.2

There are two iterations of the 1.2-liter Family 1 engine. As originally introduced it was called the 12ST, it used a bore and a stroke to produce a displacement of. This version, only carburetted, was used in the Opel Corsa. In around 1990 a new, version with bore and stroke, a narrower bore version of the existing 1.3-litre version, displacing, replaced the original design. This was also available with single-point fuel injection and with catalytic converters.

1.3

The version has a bore and a stroke.
EnginePowerTorqueCompression RatioFuel DeliveryEngine ManagementApplications
13N at 5800 rpm at 3800 rpm
13Nb at 5800 rpm at 3200 rpmOpel Corsa A
13S at 5800 rpm at 3800–4600 rpm
13SB at 5800 rpm at 3800–4200 rpmOpel Corsa A
13SH at 5800 rpm at 4200 rpm9,5:1Multi-point fuel injectionBosch LE-JetronicOpel Corsa A

1.4

The version has a bore and a stroke.
EnginePowerTorqueCompression RatioFuel DeliveryEngine ManagementApplications
14NV at 5600 rpm
at 5600 rpm		 at 3000 rpm9.4:1Pierburg 2E3 twin barrel carburettor
C14NZ at 5600 rpm at 2800 rpm9.4:1Single-point fuel injection
C14SE at 5800 rpm at 3400 rpm9.8:1Multi-point fuel injection
Chevrolet Kalos/Aveo
X14YFL12.4:1Multi-point fuel injection
X14YFH at 6000 rpm at 2800 rpm12.4:1Multi-point fuel injection
X14YFH at 6200 rpm at 2800 rpm12.4:1Multi-point fuel injection 2013–2019 Chevrolet Prisma Mk II
N14YF at 6000 rpm at 3200 rpm12.4:1Multi-point fuel injection

1.6

The version has a bore and an stroke.
EnginePowerTorqueCompression RatioFuel DeliveryEngine ManagementApplications
C16NZ at 5200 rpm at 2800 rpm9.2:1Single-point Fuel Injection
C16NE at 5600 rpm at 2800 rpm9.2:1multi-point fuel injection1997-2004 Chevrolet Chevy
C16SE at 5800 rpm at 3400 rpm9.8:1multi-point fuel injection
C16SEI at 5600 rpm at 3400 rpmOpel Corsa A
E16SE at 5800 rpm at 3400 rpmOpel Corsa A
L73 at 5600 rpm at 2800 rpm8.6:1throttle-body fuel injection
G16SF92 hp at 5600 rpmthrottle-body fuel injectionGM Multec Central1988–1993 Pontiac LeMans LS
1988–1991 Passport Optima
Y16NE at 5600 rpm at 3200 rpm9.4:1multi-point fuel injection2004-2012 Chevrolet Chevy
Z16SE at 5400 rpm at 2600 rpm9.6:1multi-point fuel injection
L91 at 6400 rpm at 3800 rpm10.8:1multi-point fuel injection
X16SZ52 kW at 5000 rpm128 Nm at 2800 rpm10.0:1Single-point fuel injectionMultec-SZOpel Vectra A
Opel Astra F
16SV82 bhp at 5400 rpm130 N⋅m at 2600 rpmCarburettorVauxhall Cavalier MK3
MK2 Astra

1.8

The version has an bore and an stroke.
EnginePowerTorqueCompression RatioFuel DeliveryEngine ManagementApplications
N18XFH at 5600 rpm at 3200 rpm10.5:1Multi-point fuel injection
F18S298-102 hp at 5200 rpm146-149 Nm at 2800 rpmmulti-point fuel injectionChevrolet Rezzo
Daewoo Tacuma
Daewoo Leganza

Applications:

SPE / 4

The SPE / 4 or engines are an evolution of the Econo.Flex engines that were made in Brazil at the Joinville plant. There are two available displacements: 1.0 L and 1.4 L. They feature an SOHC head with 2-valves per cylinder, and is fed by a multi-point fuel injection system, which allows it to run on either E100 or E25 gasoline. Major differences between previous engines include reduced friction, lowered weight, individual coil-near-plug ignition, and a new cylinder head design.
NameDisplacementBoreStrokeCompression RatioPowerTorqueApplications
1.0 L 12.4:1
1.4 L 12.4:1

DOHC

Pre-Ecotec

This was the first engine in this family, featuring a Lotus-developed 16-valve cylinder head and a cast-iron cylinder block which was essentially the same as in Opel's 8-valve engines. C16XE was available only in Corsa GSi, model years 1993 and 1994. C16XE was not yet badged Ecotec, and for later model Corsas and Opel Tigras it was replaced with X16XE Ecotec engine. The main difference between C16XE and X16XE Ecotec is emission control, C16XE lacks EGR and AIR-system, although the cylinder head is designed to enable these features. Other differences between C16XE and later versions of the engine include intake manifold, C16XE has a plastic upper intake manifold, which was replaced with a cast aluminium manifold, and fuel injection system, C16XE uses Multec fuel injection with MAF sensor and later models used Multec fuel injection with MAP sensor. Also, while C16XE had its own exhaust front section design, for X16XE it was replaced with a front section used also in Opel Astra, probably as a cost-saving measure.
NameDisplacementBoreStrokeCompression RatioPower
C16XE1.6 L 10.5:1

Applications:

Ecotec

The first generation Ecotec engines are belt-driven 16-valve DOHC engines, with cast-iron cylinder blocks and aluminum cross-flow cylinder heads. They feature sodium-filled exhaust valves, a cast steel crankshaft, and a spheroidal graphite flywheel. They also feature exhaust gas recirculation, secondary air injection, and Multec M engine control with sequential multiport fuel injection. The 1.6 L version was also exported for use in the Brazilian Corsa GSi.
NameDisplacementBoreStrokeCompression RatioPowerTorque
X14XE1.4 L 10.5:1
X16XEL1.6 L 10.5:1
X16XE1.6 L 10.5:1
X18XE11.8 L 10.5:1

Applications:

Electronic throttle

Updated version introduced from 2000, with lighter cast-iron cylinder block and camshaft driven by toothed belt. Features EGR valve and electronic throttle for reduced emissions.
NameDisplacementBoreStrokeCompression RatioPowerTorqueApplications
Z14XE1.4 L 10.5:1
Z16XE1.6 L 10.5:1
Z18XE1.8 L 10.5:1
Z16XEP1.6 L 10.5:1

Ecotec TwinPort Family 1 engine is used in:

E-TEC

independently produced a variant of the Family 1 engine. These engines were built exclusively at Bupyeong engine plant and marketed as E-TEC. Like all Family 1 engines they feature a toothed belt driven valvetrain, a cast-iron engine block and an aluminum cylinder head. Most models feature Euro III-compliancy, and the 1.4 L and 1.6 L versions employ variable intake geometry. With the release of Chevrolet Cruze, the factory has been converted to produce the Ecotec Family 1 Gen III block.

SOHC

NameDisplacementBoreStrokeCompression RatioPowerTorque
A13SMS1.3 L
A13SMS1.4 L
A15SMS1.5 L 9,5 : 1 at 5800 rpm at 3400 rpm
G15SF/G15MF1.5 L at 5200 rpm at 3000 rpm

Applications:

DOHC

The E-TEC II 16V is an updated version of the E-TEC engines with DOHC.
NameDisplacementBoreStrokeCompression RatioPowerTorque
1.4 L 9.5:1 at 6200 rpm at 3400 rpm
1.4 L 9.5:1 at 6400 rpm at 4200 rpm
A15MF1.5 L 9.5:1 at 5400 rpm at 3000 rpm
1.6 L 9.5:1 at 6000 rpm at 3600 rpm
1.6 L 9.5:1 at 5800 rpm at 3400 rpm

Applications:

Generation III

The new Generation III or Gen III engine entered production in Spring 2005. These engines replaced both the previous generation Ecotec engines as well as Daewoo's E-TEC 16V engines. These engines are manufactured at Szentgotthárd, Hungary, Bupyeoung, Korea, Toluca, Mexico and Yantai, PRC.
In contrast to their predecessors, the Gen III engines feature lighter cast-iron blocks, as well as higher compression ratios. These engines also implement DCVCP, piston cooling by oil jets, and an integrated catalytic converter. Non-turbocharged variants feature the TwinPort technology.
Reliability improvements include a wider camshaft drive belt, and a water pump no longer driven by it.
The LDE engine meets Euro VI and KULEV emission standards. With the addition of secondary air injection to the LUW engine, the LWE achieves PZEV status.
These engines, like their DOHC predecessors, feature bucket tappets in contrast to the roller finger followers found on GM's other 4-cylinder engines.
NameDisplacementBoreStrokeCompression RatioPowerTorque
Z16XER1.6 L 10.8:1 at 6000 rpm at 4000 rpm
A16XER 1.6 L 10.8:1 at 6000 rpm at 4000 rpm
1.6 L 10.8:1 at 6400 rpm at 4000 rpm
1.6 L 10.5:1 at 5000 rpm
Z16LEL1.6 L 8.8:1 at 5000 rpm at 1850–5000 rpm
A16LEL1.6 L 8.8:1 at 5000 rpm at 1850–5000 rpm
Z16LET1.6 L 8.8:1 at 5500 rpm at 2200–5400 rpm
A16LET 1.6 L 8.8:1 at 5500 rpm at 2200–5400 rpm
Z16LER1.6 L 8.8:1 at 5000 rpm at 1980–5800 rpm
A16LER 1.6 L 8.8:1 at 5850 rpm
A16LES 1.6 L 8.8:1 at 5850 rpm
X18XF 1.8 L 10.5:1 at 5600 rpm at 2800 rpm
Z18XER1.8 L 10.5:1 at 6300 rpm at 3800 rpm
A18XER 1.8 L 10.5:1 at 6300 rpm at 3800 rpm
P18XER 1.8 L 10.5:1 at 6300 rpm at 3800 rpm
U18XFR 1.8 L 10.5:1 at 6300 rpm at 3800 rpm
N18XFF 1.8 L 10.5:1 at 6300 rpm at 3800 rpm

Applications:
Turbocharged Gen III engines are used in: