British Rail Class 303

The British Rail 'Class 303 electric multiple units, also known as "Blue Train" units, were introduced in 1960 following the electrification of the North Clyde and the Cathcart Circle lines in Strathclyde, Scotland. They were initially classified as AM3' units before the introduction of the TOPS classification system and were the dominant EMU on the Glasgow suburban railway network for over 25years, before being progressively phased out by newer rolling stock. The final units were withdrawn from service in 2002. The fleet's lifespan was 42years.
The units were used later on the Inverclyde and Argyle lines of the Glasgow suburban railway network, as various electrification schemes came to fruition, and in Greater Manchester, England.

Description

Ninety-one three-car units were built by Pressed Steel at Linwood, near Paisley, from 1959 to 1961; they were introduced into service in 1960. A further 19 near-identical units were built from 1966 to 1967 following the Inverclyde electrification, although these units were built by Cravens in Sheffield.
When new, the units were numbered initially in the range 001-091, but were later renumbered to 303 001-091 when TOPS was introduced. Each unit consisted of three cars, coupled together in a semi-permanent formation; up to four sets could be operated in multiple to form up to a 12-car formation. Although six-car formations were operated frequently, nine-car formations were operated occasionally. Twelve-car formations were usually only seen as a result of train failures or ECS workings to the depots at Shields Road or Hyndland. The two outer carriages of each unit were driving trailers, with an intermediate motor coach containing the motor bogies and electrical equipment. Units operated from the standard 25kValternating current overhead power lines system, with power collection via a Stone Faiveley AMBR pantograph on the motor coach. The technical description of the formation is DTSO+MBSO+BDTSO. Individual vehicle numbers are shown below.

75566-75600 and 75746-75801 - DTSO
61481-61515 and 61812-61867 - MBSO
75601-75635 and 75802-75857 - BDTSO

The class was built in two batches; units 303001-035 were built 1959-60 and units 303036-091 were built 1960-61. In practice, when built, the North Clyde lines required the majority of the units. There was no electrified connection between the two networks until late in the life of the trains, and thus transfers between the two halves of the system, performed quite regularly, were dragged by locomotives via the Shields Road-High Street line. As the Class 303 were air braked and most diesel locomotives of the early era were vacuum braked, a few diesels were fitted with air brake connections for this. When the Class 303 units were new, there were still a few former Caledonian Railway 4-4-0 steam locomotives in stock with the Westinghouse air brake, which were used for the transfers and for delivering the units from their factory in Linwood.
Based on the Mark 1 bodyshell design, the Class 303 units utilised electrical gear made by Metropolitan-Vickers. They were originally dual voltage; parts of the North Clyde Line and Cathcart Circle electrification was limited to 6.25kV due to limitations in insulation technology, although this feature was rendered redundant as 25kV was eventually standardised across the entire line. Following a series of transformer explosions, caused by damage to the transformer windings from backfires in the mercury arc rectifiers, the entire stock of Class 303s had to be hastily withdrawn from service after only a few weeks' service. Over the weekend of 17/18 December 1960, all 72 EMU sets were taken into storage and the old steam-operated service was temporarily reinstated, whilst urgent modifications were made. This also delayed the handing over of the Cathcart Circle service to electric operation.
The units had many features which made them state of the art at the time of their introduction. This included the use of pneumatically operated sliding passenger doors, the only Mark 1 based EMU to use this feature, with passenger-operated door opening buttons. In practice, the doors were usually operated by the train guard and, later, by the driver after modification for driver-only operation).
When built, the driving cabs had distinctive wrap-around front windows, although these were replaced by flat, toughened glass in the 1970s to better protect drivers following some incidents of stone-throwing vandalism. Glass partitions behind the cabs allowed passengers in the front and rearmost carriages to see the drivers' view of the track. This was particularly appreciated in the scenic riverside areas around Craigendoran and Helensburgh.
Following the electrification of the lines from to Gourock and Wemyss Bay in 1967, the Class 303s started to be used interchangeably with the almost identical new. The interiors of the Class 303s were fitted with tungsten light bulbs, whilst the Class 311s had fluorescent lighting.
The Class 303 fleet were nicknamed the "Blue Trains" upon their introduction, owing to the striking Caledonian Blue livery. This was later changed to the standard BR Blue, quickly superseded by BR Blue/Grey livery in the late 1960s and early 1970s although the nickname itself persisted through subsequent livery changes right up until the class's withdrawal.

Refurbishment

In 1984, the Provincial ScotRail sector of British Rail began a major refurbishment programme for 50 of the 25-year-old units. To conform to contemporary health and safety standards the asbestos insulation was removed. Among the many changes introduced were connecting doors between coaches and a new type of push button passenger door control, along with all-new interiors and new fluorescent lighting. Most units also received new "hopper-style" windows. The new seating was controversial; it was almost identical to that of the, albeit with a 2+2 configuration. This allowed for many more standing passengers, but with far fewer seats than previously. The glass bulkheads behind the driving cabs were another casualty of the refurbishment - passengers could no longer see the driver's view through the front windows. Following refurbishment, units were repainted in the striking new orange and black livery introduced by the newly created Strathclyde PTE.

Decline

Most of the remaining unrefurbished units in Scotland were withdrawn at the end of the 1980s, following the introduction of new units on the North Clyde route in 1990.
However, in the early 1980s, following a decline in passengers in the Glasgow area, several Class 303s were transferred to north-west England. Initially, they were used on the Crewe to Liverpool service, but were soon transferred to the Manchester area, operating services from to,,,, and on the line to and ; this line had recently been converted from 1,500VDC. The 303s replaced the.
All but one of these, no. 303048, were withdrawn by the mid-1990s. This unit was transferred north again to Glasgow and retained in unrefurbished condition for special trains. It was originally intended to preserve this unit but, due to asbestos contamination, it was scrapped in 1998.
Following the privatisation of British Rail, the surviving 40 units passed to the ScotRail franchise. By now, electrification around Glasgow had spread and units could be found working on many routes, such as those to Gourock, Motherwell, Coatbridge and Ardrossan Town. Four units, nos. 303019/021/023/087, received SPT's new carmine and cream livery.
ScotRail ordered 40 were built from 1999-2000 by Alstom to replace the last of the elderly units. After an introduction plagued with teething problems, the Class 334 fleet entered service on the SPT network in 2001, allowing the Class 303 units to be withdrawn. Following withdrawal, the units were towed to Immingham RFT for scrapping. The last Class 303 passenger train operated on the North Clyde Line on 30 December 2002, formed of units 303011 and 303088, operating the 09:27 to. The stock then worked ECS to Yoker Depot, where they were withdrawn from service.

Incidents and accidents

The Class 303s were involved in many accidents in their 42 years of service:

Date	Number
30/08/73	303091	Involved in Gower Street Collision while working 21:35 Wemyss Bay to Glasgow Central.
31/05/75	303007	Crashed into cement train at Rutherglen while working 08:25 Glasgow Central to Hamilton Circle.
20/06/75	303022	Crashed into buffers at while working 14:33 Glasgow Central to Lanark.
16/04/79	303074 303036	Involved in Gilmour Street Collision while working 19:40 Glasgow Central to Wemyss Bay.
--/--/80	303002	Ran away at station and became the first unit to be scrapped.
07/03/85	303072	Struck a girder placed on track at Singer while working 22.46 Airdrie to Balloch. The front bogie of 75782 was ripped off.
--/--/86	303057	Motor coach fire.
11/09/86	303026	Two units collided in the tunnel near Bridgeton Depot, leading to the death of a driver and a guard.
30/01/87	303051	Ran away and collided with diesel locomotive 37011 near.
06/03/89	303005 303071	Head-on collision between 303005 and 303071 at Bellgrove junction.
01/05/91	303038	Motor coach exploded at Shields Depot.
21/07/91	303037	Involved in Newton Crash.
25/06/94	303046	Hit object placed on track by vandals on Wemyss Bay branch.
--/--/99	303058	Motor Coach blew up in service.