Common wheat


Common wheat, also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species. About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is this species; it is the most widely planted of all crops by area and the cereal with the highest monetary yield.

Taxonomy

Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics.

List of common cultivars

  • Albimonte
  • Manital
  • Shirley
  • Hilliard

    Phylogeny

Bread wheat is an allohexaploid a combination of six sets of chromosomes from different species. Of the six sets of chromosomes, four come from emmer and two from Aegilops tauschii. Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event, a tetraploidy between two diploids, wild einkorn and A. speltoides.
Free-threshing wheat is closely related to spelt. As with spelt, genes contributed from Aegilops tauschii give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.

Cultivation

History

Common wheat was first domesticated in West Asia during the early Holocene, and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period. Naked wheats were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100 BCE to 300 CE.
File:A field of wheat.JPG|thumb|right|Deggendorf, Germany|alt=Field in Deggendorf, Germany
Wheat first reached North America with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the prairies in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased during World War I, grain production in Kansas doubled.
Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking, and has displaced many of the other wheat, barley, and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making, particularly in Europe.

Plant breeding

Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging. Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.

Other forms of common wheat

are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right.