Birthright generation
Birthright generation is a term used by immigrant advocates to identify US-born citizens, who are protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. It grants American citizenship to all babies born on American soil even if the child is born to one or both undocumented parents. Birthright citizenship may be also conferred either by jus soli or jus sanguinis. Under American law, any person born within the US, including the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands and subject to its jurisdiction is automatically granted US citizenship.
An alternative term is anchor baby, a term used by immigration reductionists to identify a child born in the US to undocumented immigrants. It is generally used as a reference to the supposed role of the child, who as a US citizen through the legal principle of jus soli, may facilitate immigration for relatives through family reunification. Family reunification, or family-based immigration, in the US is a lengthy process and is limited to categories prescribed by provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.
The misconception has led those who oppose citizenship rights for children of immigrants that newborns would facilitate residency and citizenship rights for their parents. However, an American child cannot claim a parent until the age of 21.
Statistics
An estimated 340,000 of the 4.3 million newborns in the United States in 2008 were the offspring of undocumented immigrants.Undocumented immigrants make up roughly 4% of the adult population in the United States. However, because they are young and have high birthrates, their children make up a larger share of both the newborn population and the child population.
Evolution of the citizenship clause and court rulings
- The Reconstruction Congress constitutionalized birthright citizenship to assure that no Congress would later retreat from the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to afford citizenship to freedmen.
- In the Slaughter-House Cases, the Court explained that the jurisdiction language of the Citizenship Clause "was intended to exclude from its operation children of ministers, consuls, and citizens or subject of foreign states born within the United States. Mainly to prevent conflict involving dual nationality.
The 14th Amendment's citizenship clause, according to the court's majority, had to be interpreted in light of English common law tradition that had excluded from citizenship at birth only two classes of people: children born to foreign diplomats and children born to enemy forces engaged in hostile occupation of the country's territory. The majority held that the "subject to the jurisdiction" phrase in the 14th Amendment specifically encompassed these conditions.
In Plyler v. Doe (1982), Supreme Court reaffirmed that the phrases in 14th Amendment: subject to the jurisdiction thereof and within its jurisdiction were equivalent and that both referred to physical presence. The Supreme Court stated in a footnote of the 1982 Plyler v. Doe case that "very citizen or subject of another country, while domiciled here, is within the allegiance and the protection, and consequently subject to the jurisdiction, of the United States", and that "no plausible distinction with respect to Fourteenth Amendment 'jurisdiction' can be drawn between resident aliens whose entry into the United States was lawful, and resident aliens whose entry was unlawful."
In 2006 judge James Chiun-Yue Ho, who President Donald Trump would later appoint to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, wrote in a law review article that with the Plyler decision "any doubt was put to rest" whether the 1898 Wong Kim Ark decision applied to illegal aliens given that " all nine justices agreed that the Equal Protection Clause protects legal and illegal aliens alike. And all nine reached that conclusion precisely because illegal aliens are 'subject to the jurisdiction' of the U.S., no less than legal aliens and U.S. citizens."