Bernese German phonology
Bernese German, like other High Alemannic varieties, has a two-way contrast in plosives and fricatives that is not based on voicing, but on length. The absence of voice in plosives and fricatives is typical for all [High German language|German languages|High German] varieties, but many of them have no two-way contrast due to general lenition.
Vowels
Monophthongs
- are true-mid .
- * occurs only in weak unstressed syllables.
- In northern Bernese German, is rounded to or even merges with to.
Vowel length
There is a distinctive length opposition in all vowels except. Unlike in standard German, there is no interdependence of vowel length and vowel quality.Diphthongs
Bernese German has seven diphthong phonemes:- Three closing diphthongs:
- Three opening diphthongs:
- One long diphthong:
Additionally, there are certain combinations with, for instance or .
In southern Bernese German, the closing diphthongs merge with the near-close monophthongs to, for instance instead of . This phenomenon is also found in the neighbouring Bernese Highlands and Sense District dialects.
In northern Bernese German, a following triggers rounding of the preceding vowel, for instance instead of . This phenomenon is also found in the neighbouring Solothurn and Lucerne dialects.
Consonants
- are bilabial, is bilabial-labiodental, whereas are labiodental.
- has a labialized velar allophone, see below.
- is usually alveolar, but in the old upper-class dialect of the patricians it is uvular.
- are velar, whereas is palatal.
- vary between velar and uvular.
- In addition to occurring on its own, may occur as a realization of the sequence.
Fortis and lenis consonants
Bernese German obstruents occur in pairs, as in other Alemannic varieties. These pairs are usually called fortis and lenis. They are not distinguished by voicedness, but they differ in length. A difference in tenseness is also discussed. It has not been established whether length or tenseness is the primary feature that distinguishes these pairs. Likewise, there are different possibilities of transcription. They are often transcribed with the IPA-signs for pairs of voiceless and voiced obstruents. In order to explicate that no voicedness is involved in the contrast, the diacritic for voicelessness may be used. Another possibility of transcription is the notation of the length, either with the IPA length sign or with doubling. The opposition is only possible if the obstruents are surrounded by voiced sounds. If there is another adjacent voiceless sound, then there is no opposition.With the fricatives, the opposition does not occur at the beginning of a syllable. This is similar to the length opposition that occurs in the continuants. With the stops, however, the opposition is not restricted with respect to syllable structure and also occurs in the syllable onset, for instance vs. ; in order for this opposition not to be neutralized, there must be a preceding voiced sound, for instance vs. . In the Northern Bernese German, however, only lenis plosives may occur at the syllable onset, so 'to bake' and 'baked ' are homophonous as.
As in other Alemannic dialects, but unlike other Germanic languages, there is no interdependence of the length of a consonant with the length of the preceding vowel. Fortis consonants may occur after either long or short vowels, and lenis consonants as well:
Vocalization of /l/
Long is pronounced, for instance → ; at the end of a syllable, for instance → .This feature is absent in the old upper-class dialect of the patricians.
Velarization of
is pronounced in most cases, for instance → or → . However, there are some words like or in which is not velarized.This feature is absent in the old upper-class dialect of the patricians.
In the southwestern dialects of the Schwarzenburg area, it is pronounced.
Reduction of
In the western and southern dialects, is pronounced, for instance → .Stress
In native words, the word stem is stressed, except verbs with a separable prefix where that prefix is stressed.In loan words, there is – in comparison to standard German – a preference for initial stress, for instance Bernese German, vs. standard German,.
Diachronics
Vowel lengthening and shortening
Like other High Alemannic varieties, Bernese German shows monosyllabic lengthening in comparison to Middle High German, in words such as, . However, there is normally no open syllable lengthening, so the corresponding disyllabic words have a short vowel, such as, . Open syllable lengthening occurs only in a few cases, mainly before and, for example or .A distinctive trait of Bernese German that sets it apart from other High Alemannic varieties is the occurrence of vowel shortening in comparison to Middle High German. This shortening applies most generally before in words such as or . Before other consonants, it may be restricted to disyllabic words, for instance, as opposed to monosyllabic, with an unshortened vowel.
In the close vowels, the shortened and lengthened vowels remain distinct from originally short and long vowels. This is why the distinction between close and near-close vowels is phonemic, even though the contrast has a low functional load, with only very few actual minimal pairs such as vs. or vs. .