Stenodus leucichthys
Stenodus leucichthys, also known as the inconnu, sheefish, ak balyk, or beloribitsa, is a species of large, anadromous, freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. In the strict sense its natural distribution is restricted to the Caspian Sea basin. It was formerly considered extinct in the wild, but survives in cultured stocks. The nelma, a more widespread species of Eurasia and North America, is sometimes considered its subspecies.
Systematics
Alternatively, the name Stenodus leucichtys has previously been used in a broader sense, referring to a widespread species composed of two subspecies, which if true would make it the sole extant representative of the Stenodus genus. In addition to the landlocked subspecies Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys, it comprises the nelma, Stenodus leucichthys nelma which lives in Eurasian and North American rivers of the Arctic basin. Despite this designation, nelma, similarly known as the sheefish or inconnu, is currently often considered to be a distinct species Stenodus nelma, which makes the legitimacy of this use case and its inclusion of both species as one debatable.At a higher level, the genus Stenodus is not considered phylogenetically distinct from the broader lake whitefish genus Coregonus, although it is phenotypically distinct due to its large size and specialized predator morphology. This is due to conflicting evidence regarding the monophyly of the Coregonus genus and its relationship to Stenodus, either being sister to or nested within Coregonus, with several studies backing both arguments. Possible reasons for conflicting results include the relatively new age of the clade that contains both genera, which diverged approximately 10 million years ago, and the lack of sufficient data on the effect of hybridization between and within each genera. While the most recent mitogenomic analysis does support the monophyly of Coregonus, evidence of the Atlantic whitefish species, C. huntsmani, being more basal to the whitefish genus than the Stenodus genus suggests it being paraphyletic.
Description
The inconnu has a large, terminal mouth with a protruding lower jaw, a high and pointed dorsal fin, a forked and homocercal tail, and possesses an adipose fin. It is generally silvery white on the body sides and underbelly with a green, blue, or pale brown back. The meat is white, flaky, sweet, and somewhat oily. It has an elongate, fusiform body plan of up to in total length and weighing up to. Males exhibit slight sexual dimorphism during spawning, developing nuptial tubercles on its head and body side. Additionally, Stenodus leucichthys, and the closely related nelma, are distinct among whitefish due to their more predatory morphologies. In addition to being extremely closely related species, S. leucichthys and S. nelma are also largely indistinguishable in appearance, however, the two species should not be confused given their ranges occupy different continents.Biology
Stenodus leucichthys is an anadromous fish, meaning it migrates up stream into fresh waters from the sea in order to spawn and reproduce externally. Egg development can last up to 200 days, culminating in the release of over 100 thousand eggs, with each individual spawning twice during their life cycle. Migrations can last up to or exceeding a year long, this is partially owing to the slow development of their gonads which can require up to 8 months spent in the river to fully mature, just in time for their spawning season. In terms of development, inconnu larvae reach the fingerling stage at approximately 30 to 40 days and have a maturation period lasting 3 to 6 years, with males typically reaching maturity about one year earlier. Although historically calculated based on their scales, age is most accurately measured by analyzing the otolith or fin rays, particularly pectoral fin rays, of Stenodus as crowding of scales in old age fish reduces the accuracy and readability of these measurements. However, the accuracy of these measurements has only been analyzed in the North American populations of the closely related, or possible subspecies, Stenodus nelma.The fish eat plankton and aquatic insect larvae as juveniles and then become predators of smaller fish almost exclusively in adulthood. However, 30-day old fingerlings stomach contents have been observed to contain the larvae and juveniles of smaller fish species, indicating that this predatory transition occurs during very early life stages. As an adult, its primary food source, comprising over 90% of its diet, is small pelagic fish which mainly consisted of native kilka and silverside, with less reliance on Caspian roach and gobiids, prior to its extirpation.
Distribution
Endemic to the Caspian Sea, the Caspian inconnu is now Near Threatened, with current populations confined to hatcheries or only maintained due to stocking. Within the Caspian, inconnus live primarily in the central and southern parts of the sea during summer months but are also often found in the Northern Caspian for feeding during autumn and winter months.Historically, ak balyk used to inhabit particularly the Volga, Ural and Terek rivers, and migrate up to upstream from the Caspian to their main spawning grounds Kama River until dam construction and river contamination limited migration past the city of Volgograd. In addition to the Kama tributary, their major spawning grounds included the Oka and Sura tributaries among others along the greater Volga River. Alternatively, the closely related nelma has a broad, arctic and sub-arctic distribution extending from northern Eurasia to north-west North America.