Battle of Calabria
The Battle of Calabria on 9 July 1940, was a naval battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in the Second World War between ships of the Regia Marina and those of the Mediterranean Fleet. The battle took place to the east of Punta Stilo, Calabria.
Both fleets went to sea to protect convoys that reached their destinations and both had signals intelligence giving them notice of their opponent's intentions and both had air support, the Italians from land-based aircraft and the British from the aircraft carrier.
The battle involved many ships on both sides but it was indecisive and the ships returned to base; it was the first battleship engagement between the Italians and the British.
Background
Convoy TCM
When Italy entered the Second World War, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, commander of the Italian forces in Libya demanded reinforcements and supplies. Graziani also wanted to wait for spring before invading Egypt, much to the disgust of Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator, who wanted a victory to match that of Germany over France. Graziani claimed another 13,000 troops and of supplies but since the declaration of war on 10 June, the Regia Marina had delivered little of this in solo ship voyages and submarine deliveries. Plans were made to run a convoy from Naples with 2,190 troops, 72 Fiat M11/39 tanks, 232 other vehicles, of supplies and of fuel to sail on 6 July.A close escort was provided by the 5th, 6th and 14th Torpedo Boat Squadrons with,, and. The four ships from Naples would rendezvous with the freighter Francesco Barbero from Catania, escorted by and. The 2nd Light Cruiser Division with the 6-inch cruisers and and the 10th Destroyer Squadron comprising,, and would also join the escorts.
A reconnaissance sortie by the Regia Aeronautica mistakenly reported on 7 July that British cruisers had arrived in Malta, having seen the destroyers and and this prompted Supermarina to prepare a much larger escort effort in case of action with the Mediterranean Fleet. A second group sailed to the east consisting of six heavy cruisers and another four destroyers. The main battle group consisted of the battleships, eight light cruisers and another 16 destroyers.
Operation MA 5
The British were involved in a similar convoy action. The fleet sailed from Alexandria bound for Malta where the destroyers would deliver supplies and a limited number of specialist reinforcements. Two convoys from Malta to Alexandria were waiting to being back fleet stores and civilians from Malta to Alexandria. The fast Convoy MF 1 with three ships at and the slow Convoy MS 1 with five ships at were waiting to depart Malta. The destroyers Diamond and Jervis had been sent to Malta to join to escort the convoys. Distant cover was provided by the Mediterranean Fleet in three groups of ships, Force A, with five cruisers and a destroyer; Force B, with the battleship and five destroyers and Force C, the main battle group, with the battleships and, the aircraft carrier and eleven destroyers., had to return to Alexandria with a burst steam pipe on the early hours of 8 July.Prelude
8 July
At 14:40 on 8 July two Italian Cant Z.506 seaplanes from Tobruk spotted the British fleet and shadowed it for nearly four hours. Campioni ordered his fleet to defend the convoy by turning eastwards and preparing for action. Comando Supremo was reluctant to risk its warships in a night action and they ordered the fleet to avoid contact. The Italians suffered technical problems on three destroyers and two light cruisers that, with several additional destroyers, were detached to refuel in Sicily. To make up for the detachments another destroyer group was summoned from Taranto. The Italian fleet had 16 destroyers available.From 10:00 to 18:40, 72 land-based bombers of the Regia Aeronautica attacked the British. Unlike the dive-bombers favoured by the Germans, Italian bombers operated in formations from about. Scores of bombs were dropped by the Italians and hit on its compass platform. The captain, six officers and eleven ratings were killed, three officers and six ratings were wounded. The forward fire control and the steering equipment was destroyed and command was moved to the emergency station.
8/9 July
At 15:10 on 8 July, Cunningham's fleet steamed toward Taranto, to cut the Italians' return route. At dusk, Cunningham changed course from 310° to 260° and slowed the fleet speed. During the first hours of 9 July, they took a 305° course, to avoid the Italian air reconnaissance while keeping their fleet between the Italian squadron and the Gulf of Taranto. By 12:30, the Italian Supreme Command was unaware of the situation of the British fleet. Campioni told his fleet to scramble by 14:00 about south east of Cape Spartivento in search of the British. Campioni eventually received reports of the British position at 13:30, and six Ro.43 floatplanes launched shortly after by the Italian cruisers spotted the British warships 30 miles closer than supposed. By late evening of 8 July, the Italian convoy had arrived in Benghazi unscathed.Battle
9 July
Afternoon
At noon on 9 July the two fleets were apart. Cunningham could not close the distance to engage with the further back formation of Malaya and the significantly slower Royal Sovereign and advanced with Warspite. At 13:15, Eagle launched several unsuccessful sorties by Swordfish torpedo-bombers against the Italian heavy cruisers, which they mistook for battleships. At 13:10, Comando Supremo had instructed Campioni to engage one of the two forces facing him but they had planned to keep the action close to Italy and were deliberately moving north to draw the British closer to their airbases. By 14:00 Cunningham had cut off the Italian fleet from Taranto.The British cruiser group was spread out in front of Warspite and at 15:15 they caught sight of the Italian main battle force. The two groups opened fire at. Italian range finding was better than the British and within three minutes they had found the distance even though they were firing at extreme range. Although British range finding was not as good and they had trouble with their rounds falling short, British gun laying was better and they were able to place their rounds in much tighter groups. Generally the gunnery of the two forces was fairly well matched. After only a few minutes the range was down to and British gunnery improved. By 15:22, the Italian fire came dangerously close to the British cruisers and Vice Admiral John Tovey decided to disengage. At this point splinters from a shell fired by the cruiser hit, damaging her catapult and the Fairey Seafox reconnaissance aircraft beyond repair. The cruisers continued to open the range and by 15:30 fire ceased.
One group of Italian light cruisers, mistaken for the heavy cruisers of the, was on the British side of the battle line and was soon within range of Warspite. Once again the British fire fell short and neither target, and, were hit in the initial salvos. By this time Warspite was also out of position and circled to allow Malaya to catch up. Royal Sovereign was still well to the rear. The Italian commander decided to take on Warspite, and started moving his two battleships into position. At 15:52 Giulio Cesare opened fire at a range of. Conte di Cavour held her fire, as Italian doctrine was for battleships to fight one-on-one. It had been discovered during the Battle of Jutland that more than one ship firing at a single target made it very difficult to identify the fall of shot. Conte di Cavour had been assigned to Malaya and Royal Sovereign, which did not enter the engagement.
Warspite, not aware of the Italian firing patterns, split her guns between the two ships. During the exchange one of Giulio Cesares rounds fell long and caused splinter damage to Warspites escorting destroyers and, which had formed up on the far side of the action. At 15:54 Malaya opened fire, well out of range, hoping to cause some confusion on the Italian ships. The Italian heavy cruisers came into action and started firing on Warspite at 15:55 but had to break off as the British cruisers returned.
At 15:59 two shells from Giulio Cesare fell very close to Warspite, then one of Warspites rounds hit the rear deck of Giulio Cesare, exploding in the funnel, and setting off the stored ammunition for one of her anti-aircraft guns. Two seamen were killed and several wounded. The fumes from the burning ammunition were sucked down into the engine room, which had to evacuate and shut down half of the boilers. Giulio Cesares speed quickly fell off to and Conte di Cavour took over. Giulio Cesare and Warspite were well over apart and the hit was one of the longest-range naval gunfire successes in history.
It would appear that Warspite was in an excellent position to deal some serious blows to the slowing Giulio Cesare but she once again executed a tight turn to allow Malaya to catch up. With her guns suddenly silenced during the turn, rangefinders on Malaya discovered what the Italians had been intending to avoid, that her rounds were falling short of Giulio Cesare. At 16:01 the Italian destroyers generated smoke and the battleships got under cover.
Evening
At 15:58 re-opened fire on her counterpart in the British line, and soon two groups of Italian cruisers came into range with the main British cruiser group. Firing continued as both groups attempted to form up and at 16:07 Bolzano was hit three times by 6-inch shells from Neptune, temporarily locking her rudder and causing two fatalities in the torpedo room. A near miss on the destroyer caused minor damage. Two of the four damaged boilers in Giulio Cesare were repaired, allowing the battleship to reach. Admiral Campioni, considering the possibility of his remaining battleship, Conte di Cavour, having to face three enemy battleships and an aircraft carrier, decided to withdraw the battleships towards Messina.Over the next hour both fleets made long-range torpedo runs with their destroyers, without success. At 16:40, Italian aircraft made an attack with 126 aircraft, reporting damage on Eagle, Warspite and Malaya; because of a misunderstanding, fifty of the Italian aircraft attacked the Italian ships for six hours, without damage. The battle ended at 16:50 with both sides withdrawing. The destroyer, sent to Augusta in Sicily, was hit by a torpedo launched from a Swordfish at 09:40 the next day and sank in shallow water. She was refloated and returned to service in December 1941.