Barman language
Barman Thar, where “thar” means language, is a highly endangered language. It is a Tibeto-Burman language that belongs to the Boro–Garo sub-group. The population of the Barman Kachari community is 24,237, according to a 2017 census. However, only a small part of this population speaks the language.
History
The Barman Kacharis are an indigenous Assamese community of Northeast India and are a subsection of the Dimasa people. They are mainly found in the districts of Lower Assam and in Barak Valley like Hailakandi and Karimganj and some parts of Arunachal Pradesh. Barman Kachari is one of the ancient ethnic groups of North-East India. Since the 2002 Amendment act, many Barman Kacharis in Assam are referred to as 'Barman'. They are mainly found in the districts of Udalguri, Baksa, Chirang, Kokrajhar, Darrang, Kamrup, Goalpara, Nagaon, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Cachar and Barpeta. Barmans are called Kacharis because of their Kachari origin. They are spread diffusely, in Assam and in places such as Meghalaya, Tripura and Nagaland.Barman Kachari villages are scattered over the state of Meghalaya, like the Garo Hills and Khasi Hills, and also in Tripura. Prior to Indian independence, several Barman Kachari settlements existed in the Mymensing and Sylhet districts of present-day Bangladesh. Partition of the country had resulted in the migration of these people to then undivided Assam.
In 1708, during the reign of Tamradhaj, Kachari people adopted Hindu customs. By 1825, in the days of Govinda Chandra, the Kachari king, along with some noble families, had to flee Khaspur, migrating to Mymensing and Sylhat. This was due to the attack of the Ahoms and Manipuri armies as well as frequent attacks by Burma. In 1826, the Kachari king returned to his homeland after signing the Treaty of Yandaboo with the British, though the treaty stipulated that Assam be placed under British rule. The Kachari King Govinda Chandra died in 1830.
Demographics
The Barman Kacharis of Assam are classified as a Scheduled Tribe in the valley of Barak. The Barman Kacharis number some 24,237 persons, according to a 2017 census. Out of this number, 12,555 are males and 11,503 are females. Their literacy rate is estimated at 4 percent. The level of literacy of males and females is 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively.Documentation
The language of the Barman Kacharis had never been documented until 2019 when M.A. students in Linguistics and Language Technology of Tezpur University carried out field work for the first time on this language.Phonology
The Barman Thar phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, nine diphthongs, and twenty consonants.Consonants
In Barman Thar, there are twenty consonants.It is to be noted that pʰ and z have idiolectal variations. They are, by some people, sometimes pronounced as ɸ and d͡z respectively. For example, the word pʰa is sometimes pronounced as ɸa and nɐmza is sometimes pronounced as nɐmd͡za.
Gemination
Gemination, which is the twinning of two consonants, is also found in the Barman language.
| Phonemes | Example | English Gloss |
| p+p | tʰɐppɐɾa | “ash” |
| t+tʰ | mɐttʰai | “big” |
| d+d | ɡɛddɛl | “new” |
| c+c | bicci | “egg” |
| k+k | nukkuruŋ | “eye” |
| k+kʰ | bɛkkʰuma | “dull” |
| m+m | dummua | “fever” |
| n+n | cunna | “cloth” |
| l+l | mulluk | “earth” |
Consonant Clusters
In the study of Barman Thar, carried out by the students of Tezpur University, they found only one word, i.e. bɾui, with a consonant cluster. It is a cluster of two consonants, b and ɾ. And they found no final cluster in any word.
Vowels
In Barman Thar, there are eight vowels and nine diphthongs.Monopthongs
| Front | Central | Back | |
| High | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Near-open | ɐ | ||
| Open | a |
Diphthongs
| i | u | a | |
| i | ia | ||
| o | oi | ou | |
| ɐ | ɐi | ||
| e | ei | ||
| u | ui | ua | |
| a | ai | au |
Morphology and Grammar
Case:| Case | Marker | Examples | |
| 1. | Nominative Ergative | ∅ a | ɾam hibaja ɾam-∅ hiba-ja Ram-NOM come-PST “Ram has come.” ɾama thɛkasu caja ɾam-a thɛkasu ca-ja Ram-ERG mango eat-PST “Ram has eaten a mango.” |
| 2. | Accusative | kɔ | ɾamkɔɾiɡɐm ɾamkɔ ɾiɡɐm Ram-ACC call “Call Ram.” |
| 3. | Instrumental Comitative | ca nɛ nɔɡɛ | owa khɐttaica thɛkasu-kɔ dɛnnaja owa khɐttai-ca thɛkasu-kɔ dɛn-naja 3SG knife-INS mango cut-PST “S/he has cut mango ɐŋa ɔmɾitnɛ nɔɡɛ hiŋgɐn ɐŋa ɔmɾit-nɛ nɔɡɛ hiŋ-gɐn 1SG Amrit-GEN INS go-FUT “I will go with Amrit.” |
| Genitive | nɛ | ɔmɾitnɛ nɔk ɔmɾit-nɛ nɔk Amrit-GEN house “Amrit’s house” | |
| Locative | ou | ɐŋa tɛzpuɾou dɔŋa ɐŋa tɛzpuɾ-ou dɔŋ-a 1SG Tezpur-LOC be-PRS “I am in Tezpur.” | |
| 6. | Intentive Dative Destinational Dative | nɛ nɛɡa ca | ɔmɾitnɛ nɛɡa ɔmɾit-nɛ nɛɡa Amrit-GEN DAT “… for Amrit.” tɛzpuɾca tɛzpuɾ-ca Tezpur-DAT “… to Tezpur.” |
| 7. | Ablative | nɛ tukki | tɛzpuɾnɛ tukki tɛzpuɾ-nɛ tukki Tezpur-GEN ABL “… from Tezpur.” |
Tense and Aspect
Three of the tenses are morphologically marked in Barman Thar.| Present: | owa hiŋa owa hiŋ-a 3SG go-PRS “S/he goes.” |
| Past: | owa caja owa ca-ja 3SG eat-PST “S/he ate.” |
| Future: | owa ɾiŋɡɐn owa ɾiŋ-ɡɐn 3SG drink-FUT “S/he will drink.” |
In Barman Thar, the present tense is marked with the suffix “-a”, the past tense, with “-ja” and the future tense, with “-ɡɐn”. And the following are the four aspects:
| Present Perfect: | owa hibadɔ owa hiba-dɔ 3SG come-PRS.PRF “S/he has come.” |
| Present Continuous: | owa hiŋa owa hiŋ-dɔŋ 3SG go-PRS.PROG “S/he is going.” |
| Past Perfect: | owa caniŋ owa ca-niŋ 3SG eat-PST.PRF “S/he had eaten.” |
| Future Continuous: | owa ɾiŋdɔŋɡɐn owa ɾiŋ-dɔŋ-ɡɐn 3SG drink-PROG-FUT “S/he will be drinking.” |
Pronouns
Negation
In Barman Thar, verbs are negated by suffixing “-za” and “-zia” for present and past tense respectively.For example, the root word for the verb “eat” in Barman Thar is “ca”. The negative form of the word in the present tense is caza, meaning “do/does not eat” and that in the past tense is cazia, meaning “did not eat”.
Again, in case of imperative sentences, the suffix -nɔŋ is use.
For example, mei canɔŋ means “Don’t eat rice.”
Classifiers
In Barman Thar, there is one classifier, i.e. -ja.doisaja sijai hiŋaja
doisa-ja sija-i hiŋ-ja
boy-CL die-PFV go-PST
“The boy died.”
Allomorphs
Another feature of this language that needs to be mentioned is the presence of allomorphs.Allomorphs of the past tense marker:
-ja is the past tense marker. But when this morpheme is suffixed to a verb ending in , it becomes -maja. For example, cum + -ja = cummaja. When it is suffixed to a verb ending in , it becomes -naja as in dɛn + -ja = dɛnnaja. When it is affixed to a verb ending in , it becomes -aja, as in hiŋaja.
Therefore, it can be said that -maja, -naja and -aja are allomorphs of the morpheme -ja.
Allomorphs of the ergative case marker:
-a is the ergative case marker in Barman Thar. However, when it is affixed to a noun ending in a vowel, it becomes -ja. For example, sita + -ja = sitaja.
So, -ja is an allomorph of the ergative case marker -a.