Bardic Grammar


Bardic Grammar is a medieval Welsh grammar that provided bards with rules of writing poetry. Bards’ works celebrated heroic deeds of their patrons.

Grammar rules

The knowledge of poetics was thought to be an inherent part of bardic craft. Bards learnt in special bardic schools, where the main emphasis was put on mastering rules referring to strict metres. The reason for that is that the poetry written with the use of strict metres was perceived as “the major glory of Welsh literature”.
A trained aspirant could become one of the 3 types of bards:
  • prydydd
  • teuluwr
  • clerwr
As Sir Thomas Wiliems stated, it was Einion Offeiriad who developed the medieval Welsh bardic grammar, which can be separated into two parts:
  • Part concerning the science of grammar
  • Part concerning properties of Welsh prosody and a craft of a bard
According to some manuscripts, two parts of speech can be distinguished in Welsh bardic grammar: noun and verb, whereas syllables were divided into trwn and ysgafn. The process of trwm ac ysgafn was perceived as one of the mistakes in writing. The division of diphthongs was:
  1. Dipton dalgron - aw, ew, iw, yw, uw
  2. Dipton wib - eu
  3. Dipton leddf - ae, oe, ei, ŵy

Classification of candidates for bard

  • Disgybl ysbas heb radd
  • Disgybl ysbas graddol
  • Disgybl disgybblaidd
  • Disgybl pencerddaidd
  • Pencerdd