Bahman Jaduya
Bahman Jādhūyah/Jādūyah, or Bahman Jādhawayh was an Iranian general of the Sasanians. He is mostly known to have led the Sasanians to victory against the Arabs at the Battle of the Bridge. The Arab Muslims referred to Bahman as Dhul Hājib. He had a reputation for being anti-Arab. He is often confused with Mardanshah, another Sasanian general.
Biography
Little is known about the early life of Bahman Jaduya. Some sources identify him as the son of the Sasanian general Hormozd Jadhuyih. By the 630s he was described as an older commander and a leading member of the Parsig faction at court, led by Piruz Khosrow.During this period the Sasanian Empire was weakened by internal rivalries while facing early Arab incursions into Mesopotamia .
Military career
Campaigns before the Battle of the BridgeIn 633 CE the Sasanian monarch ordered Andarzaghar, commander of the eastern front in Khorasan, to defend the western frontier against Arab raids.
That same year, Andarzaghar and Bahman Jaduya jointly confronted Khalid ibn al-Walid at the Battle of Walaja, but the Sasanian army was defeated. Bahman withdrew to Ctesiphon, where the young king Yazdegerd III—then ill—commanded him to launch a counterattack. Instead, Bahman delegated the task to his subordinate Jābān, whose independent engagement at the Battle of Ullais also ended in defeat.
Battle of the Bridge
When the Arab general Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi advanced into Suwād, the chief Sasanian commander Rostam Farrokhzād sent Bahman Jaduya and Jalinus to confront him with a force drawn from the powerful Wuzurgān noble class, including elite Zhayedān units and war elephants. Rostam reportedly instructed Bahman: “If Jalinus again returns defeated, cut off his head.”
The two armies met on the Euphrates River near Marwaha. The elephants terrified the Arabs’ horses, turning the battle in favor of the Sasanians. Abu Ubaid was killed, and roughly 4 000 Arabs drowned or were slain.
This engagement—known as the Battle of the Bridge—became the only early major confrontation of the Arab-Sasanian wars ending in a decisive Sasanian victory. Bahman did not pursue the survivors, possibly because of unrest in Ctesiphon or logistical constraints.
Death at the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
Two years later, during the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Bahman again commanded Sasanian forces. According to al-Tabari, he was slain in single combat by Qaʿqāʿ ibn ʿAmr al-Tamimi, who sought vengeance for Abu Ubaid’s death at the Bridge.
Bahman’s death severely demoralized the Sasanian troops and contributed to the army’s collapse, marking a decisive stage in the Muslim conquest of Iran.
Title and confusion with Mardanshah
Arabic sources often refer to Bahman as Dhul-Hājib, though this may represent an official court rank rather than a nickname. Medieval chroniclers such as al-Tabari and Balʿami sometimes conflated Bahman with another general, Mardanshah, who also bore the title Dhul-Hājib.Modern scholars including Theodor Nöldeke consider Dhul-Hājib likely to have been a Sasanian military title rather than a personal epithet.