Badnavirus
Badnavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Caulimoviridae order Ortervirales. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 74 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: CSSV: leaf chlorosis, root necrosis, red vein banding in young leaves, small mottled pods, and stem/root swelling followed by die-back. Infection decreases yield by 25% within one year, 50% within two years and usually kills trees within 3–4 years.
Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:Badnavirus aglaonemae, Aglaonema bacilliform virusBadnavirus alphacolocalasiae, Taro bacilliform virusBadnavirus alphadioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform AL virusBadnavirus alphainflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot CD virusBadnavirus alphamaculaflavicannae, Canna yellow mottle associated virusBadnavirus alphananas, Pineapple bacilliform CO virusBadnavirus alphasacchari, Sugarcane bacilliform Guadeloupe A virusBadnavirus alphavirgamusae, Banana streak GF virusBadnavirus betacolocalasiae, Taro bacilliform CH virusBadnavirus betadioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform AL virus 2Badnavirus betainflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot CE virusBadnavirus betamaculaflavicannae, Canna yellow mottle virusBadnavirus betananas, Pineapple bacilliform ER virusBadnavirus betasasacchari, Sugarcane bacilliform Guadeloupe D virusBadnavirus betavirgamusae, Banana streak IM virusBadnavirus camelliae, Camellia sinensis badnavirus 1Badnavirus decoloratiovitis, Grapevine Roditis leaf discoloration-associated virusBadnavirus deltadioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform RT virus 1Badnavirus deltainflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot Ghana N virusBadnavirus deltasacchari, Sugarcane bacilliform MO virusBadnavirus deltavirgamusae, Banana streak OL virusBadnavirus epsilondioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform RT virus 2Badnavirus epsiloninflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot Ghana Q virusBadnavirus epsilonvirgamusae, Banana streak UA virusBadnavirus etadioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform SN virusBadnavirus etainflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot Togo B virusBadnavirus etavirgamusae, Banana streak UL virusBadnavirus fatsiae, Fatsia badnavirus 1Badnavirus fici, Fig badnavirus 1Badnavirus gammadioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform ES virusBadnavirus gammainflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot Ghana M virusBadnavirus gammasacchari, Sugarcane bacilliform IM virusBadnavirus gammavirgamusae, Banana streak MY virusBadnavirus iotavirgamusae, Banana streak VN virusBadnavirus maculacommelinae, Commelina yellow mottle virusBadnavirus maculadracaenae, Dracaena mottle virusBadnavirus maculaepiphylli, Epiphyllum mottle-associated virusBadnavirus maculahederae, Ivy ringspot-associated virusBadnavirus maculakalanchoes, Kalanchoe top-spotting virusBadnavirus maculapiperis, Piper yellow mottle virusBadnavirus maculasmallanthi, Yacon necrotic mottle virusBadnavirus maculaspiraeae, Spiraea yellow leafspot virusBadnavirus maculaucubae, Aucuba ringspot virusBadnavirus meliae, Chinaberry tree badnavirus 1Badnavirus mori, Mulberry badnavirus 1Badnavirus necrozamiae, Cycad leaf necrosis virusBadnavirus occultipomeae, Sweet potato pakakuy virusBadnavirus phirubi, Blackberry virus FBadnavirus reterubi, Rubus yellow net virusBadnavirus rutilanscamelliae, Camellia lemon glow virusBadnavirus tessellocastaneae, Chestnut mosaic virusBadnavirus tessellocitri, Citrus yellow mosaic virusBadnavirus tessellopandani, Pandanus mosaic associated virusBadnavirus tessellopolysciatis, Polyscias mosaic virusBadnavirus tessellostyphnolobii, Pagoda yellow mosaic associated virusBadnavirus tessellotheobromae, Cacao mild mosaic virusBadnavirus tesselloziziphi, Jujube mosaic-associated virusBadnavirus tetadioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform TR virusBadnavirus tetainflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot Ghana T virusBadnavirus theobromae, Cacao bacilliform Sri Lanka virusBadnavirus thetavirgamusae, Banana streak UM virusBadnavirus venabougainvilleae, Bougainvillea chlorotic vein banding virusBadnavirus venacodonopsis, Codonopsis vein clearing virusBadnavirus venaribis, Gooseberry vein banding associated virusBadnavirus venatheobromae, Cacao yellow vein banding virusBadnavirus venavitis, Grapevine vein clearing virusBadnavirus venazanthoxyli, Green Sichuan pepper vein clearing-associated virusBadnavirus vitis, Grapevine badnavirus 1Badnavirus volubetulae, Birch leafroll-associated virusBadnavirus wisteriae, Wisteria badnavirus 1Badnavirus zetadioscoreae, Dioscorea bacilliform RT virus 3Badnavirus zetainflatheobromae, Cacao swollen shoot Togo A virusBadnavirus zetavirgamusae, Banana streak UI virusBadnavirus ziziphi, Jujube badnavirus WSStructure
Viruses in Badnavirus are non-enveloped, with bacilliform geometries. These viruses are about 30 nm wide and 90–900 nm long. Genomes are circular and non-segmented.| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
| Badnavirus | Bacilliform | T=3 | Non-enveloped | Circular | Monopartite |
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear/cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA replication model. DNA-templated transcription, specifically dsDNA-RT transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export, and tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector. Transmission routes are vector, mechanical, and seed borne.| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
| Badnavirus | Plants | - | Viral movement; mechanical inoculation | Viral movement | Nucleus | Cytoplasm | Mechanical inoculation: mealybugs; mechanical; wounds; seed |