Austrian Pilgrim Hospice to the Holy Family
The Austrian Pilgrim Hospice to the Holy Family is a pilgrims hostel of the Austrian Catholic Church in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is located at the corner of Via Dolorosa and el-Wad Street in the Muslim Quarter, at the third station of the Way of the Cross. Markus Stefan Bugnyar has been rector of the hospice since 2004. Founded in 1856 and opened on 19 March 1863, the hospice is the oldest national pilgrim house in the Holy Land. The Church of the Holy Family is located inside the main building.
Background
The interest of the major European powers in the Levant increased in the middle of the 19th century, after an alliance of Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia had halted the advance of the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali Pasha and brought the Ottoman province Şam back under the control of the Sublime Porte in Istanbul. In response to the crisis in the Orient, Prussia, France, Great Britain, the Russian Tsarist Empire and the Austrian Empire began to establish the first consulates and national church institutions in the mid-1840s.Austria opened its vice-consulate on 1 May 1849. In 1852, the Austrian vice-consul Josef Graf Pizzamano proposed the construction of a pilgrims' hospital with an associated church in order to consolidate Austria's influence as a protective power for Christians in the Middle East. The then Archbishop of Vienna, Joseph Othmar von Rauscher, took up Pizzamano's idea and decided to build a pilgrims' hospice with a small infirmary for pilgrims from the regions of the monarchy.
Building history & foundation
At the beginning of 1854, the 3956 m2 building site on the corner of Via Dolorosa and El Wad Street in the Old City of Jerusalem was acquired by Consul Pizzamano for 5,700 gulden of Austrian currency. The first plans were submitted by the renowned architect Ermete Pierotti, but the final design and execution was handed over to the architect Anton Endlicher. He travelled to Jerusalem in November 1855 together with the foremen Josef Wenz and Johann Wiltner.At the beginning of 1856, the time-consuming earthworks caused a cost explosion. Cardinal Rauscher felt compelled to make cuts in the façade design of the house. The newly prepared construction plans were now approved and construction could begin. The construction project was financed by the Good Friday Collection and private donations. The foundation stone of the Austrian Hospice was laid on 31 December 1856. Due to various complications the foreman Josef Wenz replaced Anton Endlicher as site manager.
The 20 October 1858 is the date of the laying of the keystone. The chapel of the hospice was solemnly consecrated by the Latin Patriarch Giuseppe Valerga and the pilgrims' guesthouse was opened on 19 March 1863.
During the Habsburg dynasty
The later curator Hermann Zschokke was appointed Rector of the Pilgrims' Guest House in February 1864, under him the first additions and modernisations took place. In 1868, the house management asked for help in running the housekeeping, and so in the same year two women from the monarchy arrived in Jerusalem to help.November 1869 is one of the most important dates for the popularity of popular pilgrimages at the end of the 19th century. Emperor Franz Joseph I used his trip to open the Suez Canal for a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He was the first European monarch to visit the Holy Land since the end of the Crusader Empire. This visit was a highly symbolic model for the following generations of pilgrims from the monarchy.
In 1895, the curator of the House of Prelate Hermann Zschokke advocated a structural restructuring and modernisation, as the character of pilgrimages had changed fundamentally towards the end of the 19th century. In order to include the Hungarian half of the Imperial and Royal Empire Monarchy, the Hungarian Stephan Csarszky was appointed as Vice-Rector and the house was renamed the Austro-Hungarian Pilgrims' House of the Holy Family. Four sisters of the Congregation of St. Charles Borromeo, together with a Viennese gardener, arrived in the summer of 1896 to take charge of the kitchen and the laundry. In 1898 over 500 participants set out on the First Tyrolean People's Pilgrimage under Colonel Heinrich Himmel from Agisburg to the Holy Land.
In 1902, the number of guest beds was increased to 100 and the terrace was added, and in order to offer the sisters a retreat, the foundation stone for the sisters' house was laid in 1903 and construction was completed in 1904.
In 1908, in the 60th anniversary year of Emperor Franz Joseph's accession to the throne, work began on the renovation of the chapel. This extension included the two side altars of the Teutonic Order of Knights, a mosaic of the most prominent saints of the Crown Lands in the dome of the apse, new confessionals and pews and a new sacristy. This work lasted until 1910. In 1913 the rector Franz Fellinger, who had already been in office from 1900 to 1906, became rector of the house again.
Hospice during the First World War
The Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of the Four League. In the course of the mobilisation phase, on 9 September 1914, the capitulations for the members of the Entente were dissolved and the ecclesiastical institutions of the now enemy nations were requisitioned.When the Sultan declared Jihad against the British in November 1914, all citizens of the Entente, including the clergy, had to leave Jerusalem. During this time, there was a depressed and hostile atmosphere in the city. General Ulrich Back became city commander and the Austrian Hospice enjoyed increasing popularity as a meeting place for German and Austro-Hungarian military personnel.
The Ottoman troops did not succeed in pushing back the British in Egypt and in 1915 British units advanced into the Sandjak of Jerusalem.
To prevent the danger of requisition, the hospice was officially converted into a convalescent home for officers and soldiers in February 1916. The two battery strong mountain howitzer division "von Marno", which was sent to support them, moved into Jerusalem in May 1916.
Since Jerusalem had already become an immediate combat zone in November 1917, the Austro-Hungarian consular and military officials evacuated the city, only Rector Fellinger and the sisters remained in the hospice to protect it from looting.
On 11 December 1917 General Edmund Allenby took over Jerusalem without a fight. The Austrian Hospice was requisitioned by the British administration on 16 February 1918 and converted into an Anglican orphanage for Syrian Christian children.
British Mandate Period
On 29 August 1919 the orphanage was dissolved and the building was returned to the board of trustees on the same day. Rector Franz Fellinger immediately took over the management of the house again. After a sighting and subsequent compensation by the British administration, the cleaning, disinfection and repair work on the hospice began at the end of October.In order to maintain the hospice during the post-war years, it was converted into a pension for British officers and administrative officials. With this income the house was completely electrified in 1923. Many successor states of the Danube Monarchy claimed ownership of the hospice, but it remained in the possession of the Archdiocese of Vienna. However, the word "Austrian" was taken out of the name in 1924 and Czechoslovaks as well as Hungarians and Slovenes were given a seat on the board of trustees.
The board of trustees approved the plans for an urgently needed addition in January 1931, hiring Vienna-born Gottlieb Bäuerle as master builder. The work began in the winter of 1932 and ended one year later. The attractiveness of the house was increased by the new roof terrace.
In 1935 Franz Haider was appointed rector. In mid-April 1936 the Arab uprising against the British Mandate broke out. The streams of visitors came to a standstill. On 18 May 1936, the Viennese servant Karl Breitlinger was shot in the back because he was mistaken for an insurgent. The conflict slowly ebbed away and in 1937 498 guests stayed overnight in the hospice. After the Anschluss in 1938, the legal status of the Austrian Hospice was unclear. As a result, the pilgrims' house remained an independent church institution in the meantime. The Third Reich immediately cast an eye on the hospice and its special position in the Middle East, they first tried to exert pressure on the rector by freezing the salary payments. Withstanding the pressure from Berlin, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer stated that the Austrian Hospice was a purely ecclesiastical institution and could only be transferred by decision of the Board of Trustees, in which all dioceses of the former Habsburg Empire were represented, which was not possible for political reasons alone.
Immediately after the declaration of war by Great Britain in 1939, the hospice was confiscated by the British mandate power and Rector Franz Haider was interned for five days. His rapid release was due to the intervention of Franz Fellinger. The house was converted into an internment camp for German and Italian clergymen. Auxiliary Bishop Fellinger obtained permission for the five sisters of Vöcklabruck to stay in the pilgrims' house and to manage the household. Before Christmas, most of the 29 internees were released from the hospice and given limited freedom of movement. Only for Rector Haider and the Lazarist priest Leo Schmitt the internment remained.
On 8 March 1940 Haider was transferred to an internment camp in Akko, and he handed over the management of the house to the sisters who remained in the house. In May there was again the internment of clergymen of the Axis powers. The 80 internees, including 23 lay people, were transferred to a Franciscan monastery on 28 June to make room for 170 English women and children from Egypt.
As early as January 1941 the British refugees left the hospice and the sisters were allowed to enter the house again. In order to ascertain the possible damage, Franz Haider was brought to Jerusalem from the internment camp in Haifa, where he had been transferred in the meantime. Afterwards the pilgrims' house was converted into a camp for 150 nuns from the German Reich. The German director of the Schmidt School, Father Johannes Sonnen, served as rector during this time.
In July 1943 the internment camp was closed down and all sisters who had been interned up to that point were allowed to return to their convents.
In May 1944, the British Army decided to establish an officer's school in the house, whose teaching staff included Abba Eban, later Israel's Foreign Minister. The sisters continued to run the kitchen and the household. Rector Franz Haider was not granted permission to return to the Palestinian mandated area.
The officers' school was finally closed in September 1947 and converted into a British police station.
On 6 January 1948 the British withdrew from the Old City of Jerusalem and the official return of the Pilgrims' Guest House to Father Sonnen took place on 22 April 1948, but the house was under the administration of the Red Cross, under whose supervision a military hospital was established. On 1 May 1948 the first patients were transferred to the hospice.