Augment (Indo-European)
The augment is an Indo-European verbal prefix used in Indo-Iranian, Greek, Phrygian, Armenian, and Albanian, to indicate past time. The augment might be either a Proto-Indo-European archaic feature lost elsewhere or a common innovation in those languages. In the oldest attested daughter languages, such as Vedic Sanskrit and early Greek, it is used optionally. The same verb forms when used without the augment are referred to as injunctive forms.
The augment originally appears to have been a separate word, with the potential meaning of 'there, then', which in time got fused to the verb. The augment is *h₁é- in PIE and always bears the accent.
Greek
The predominant scholarly view on the prehistory of the augment is that it was originally a separate grammatical particle, although dissenting opinions have occasionally been voiced.Homeric Greek
In Homer, past-tense verbs appeared both with and without an augment.Ancient Greek
In Ancient Greek, the verb "I say" has the aorist ἔλεξα "I said." The initial ε is the augment. When it comes before a consonant, it is called the "syllabic augment" because it adds a syllable. Sometimes the syllabic augment appears before a vowel because the initial consonant of the verbal root was lost:- *έ-ϝιδον *é-widon → *ἔιδον *éidon → εἶδον eîdon
Modern Greek
Unaccented syllabic augment disappeared in some dialects during the Byzantine period as a result of the loss of unstressed initial syllables, this feature being inherited by Standard Modern Greek. However, accented syllabic augments have remained in place. So Ancient ἔλυσα, ἐλύσαμεν "I loosened, we loosened" corresponds to Modern έλυσα, λύσαμε. When the stem begins in a vowel, the augment has not survived in the vernacular and the vowel is left unaltered instead: Ancient ἀγαπῶ, ἠγάπησα "I love, I loved"; Modern αγαπώ, αγάπησα.Sanskrit
The augment is used in Sanskrit to form the imperfect, aorist, pluperfect and conditional. When the verb has a prefix, the augment always sits between the prefix and the root. The following examples of verb forms in the third-person singular illustrate the phenomenon:| √bhū- | sam + √bhū- | |
| Present | bháv·a·ti | sam·bháv·a·ti |
| Imperfect | á·bhav·a·t | sam·á·bhav·a·t |
| Aorist | á·bhū·t | sam·á·bhū·t |
| Conditional | á·bhav·iṣya·t | sam·á·bhav·iṣya·t |
When the root starts with any of the vowels i-, u- or ṛ, the vowel is subject not to guṇa but vṛddhi.
- icch·á·ti -> aí·cch·a·t
- urṇó·ti -> aú·rṇo·t
- ṛdh·nó·ti -> ā́r·dh·no·t
Other
- Phrygian seems to have had an augment.
- Classical Armenian had an augment, in the form of e-.
- Yaghnobi, an East Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan, has an augment.