Askania-Nova
Askania-Nova is a biosphere reserve located in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine, within the dry Taurida steppe near Oleshky Sands. An active member of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, the reserve maintains and conserves native steppe habitat and endemic species while also caring for rare and exotic animal species from around the world. It is also a research institute of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ukraine. The reserve consists of a zoological park, as well as over 33,000 hectares of grassland habitat for herds of ungulate mammals. There are also many botanical gardens, featuring hundreds of plant species, and a vast open territory of virgin steppe. Askania-Nova is listed on the Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine.
History
The nature reserve was established in 1898 by Friedrich-Jacob Eduardovych Falz-Fein around the German colony of Askania-Nova, which only in 1890 became an organized settlement, Khutir.In March 1919, Askania-Nova was confiscated from the Falz-Fein family by the Red Army as part of the state nationalization programme. The last owner refused to evacuate to Germany. She was Sofia-Louise Bohdanivna Knauff, the mother of Friedrich Falz-Fein. Her refusal resulted in her summary execution by two Red Army guardsmen who shot her for failing to surrender her estate in Khorly. On April 1, 1919, Askania-Nova was declared a People's Sanctuary Park by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR; while on February 8, 1921, it was reorganized into a State Steppe Reserve of the Ukrainian SSR. The main purposes of the reserve were to preserve and study the environment of the virgin steppe, as well as possibly to acclimatize and study a larger number of animal and plant types.
Askania-Nova became a scientific-steppe station, a zoo-technical station with breeding farms, a phyto-technical station, and included various other scientific institutions. Notably, the zoo and botanical garden were greatly expanded. Part of the reserve included portions of steppe reserve, an acclimatization zoo, and an arboretum. From 1932 to 1956, the reserve was transformed into the All-Union scientific-research institute for the hybridization and acclimatization of animals of M. Ivanov. It consisted of 12 departments, nine laboratories, conducting experimental farming, and four breeding centres for agricultural animals. The institute became the centre of scientific-researching works in the field of breed creation and the major hub for breeding farms. During both World War I and World War II, the reserve was devastated.
In 1983, Askania-Nova was reorganized into a biosphere reserve and the following year it was designated as the Soviet member of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves of UNESCO. After the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1993, Ukraine confirmed the status of the biosphere reserve Askania-Nova. In 2008, Askania was named one of Seven Wonders of Ukraine.
In March 2022, following Russian occupation of the region, administration of Askania-Nova was taken over by Russia, which reclassified the steppes to hunting grounds. Shortly thereafter, photographs showing Russian soldiers alongside hunted deer carcasses from the park were posted on social media. Russian troops further caused damage to the park by driving heavy equipment through protected steppe areas, digging trenches, and causing three fires, burning almost 1,400 hectares. Askania-Nova's Ukrainian administration continues to operate in absentia, with international donations contributing towards assisting former employees forced to leave the institution.
In August 2024, the governor of Kherson Oblast, Oleksandr Prokudin, said that the reserve had ceased to "exist" due to looting by Russian forces, the transfer of its wildlife to Crimea and Russia, and flooding caused by the destruction of the Kakhovka Dam. However, the claims were denied by the reserve's director, Viktor Shapoval, who said that the reserve had suffered damage while confirming that animals were taken by Russia, adding that many other wildlife had die from neglect and that the large parts of its steppes had burned down.
The biosphere reserve
The reserve consists of the acclimatization zoo, arboretum, and virgin steppe sanctuary and has total area of. The Askania-Nova wetland Great Chapli Depression is registered on the International list of Ramsar Convention and has an area of 4x6 km. Part of the sanctuary include a small town and six villages with total population of 10,000 people. There is no direct railroad station in the area, and the sanctuary can be reached by bus.Flora and fauna
More than 200 species of perennial, foliaceous and coniferous plants were brought-in from different parts of the world and planted in the dendrologic garden between 1885 and 1902. About 600 higher plants, 16 species of which were entered to the Red Data Book of Ukraine, have been preserved in their primary natural form.Larger animals on the reserve include the common eland, an African antelope being studied at the facility for its milk production, Ankole cattle, Cape buffalo, emus, ostriches, plains bison, Indian gaur, Turkomen markhor, fallow deer, wapiti, guanaco, llamas, white-bearded wildebeest, Grevy's zebra, and hundreds of bird species.
The reserve is known for its herd of Przewalski's horses, the largest group kept in captivity, living on an area around. The Turkmenian kulan, an endemic Central Asian wild ass, has thrived and been reintroduced. Other species include the aoudad, Armenian mouflon, Bactrian camel, Eurasian beaver, golden pheasant, grey crowned crane, Indian peafowl and raccoon dog.
The biosphere reserve has been designated an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports healthy populations of red-breasted, bar-headed and greater white-fronted geese, mute swan, ruddy shelduck, demoiselle and common cranes, black-winged pratincole, and pallid harriers.