Arcaicam Esperantom

Arcaicam Esperantom, is a constructed auxiliary sociolect for translating literature into Esperanto created to act as a fictional 'Old Esperanto', in the vein of languages such as Middle English or the use of Latin citations in modern texts.
It was created by linguist as part of a range of stylistic variants including Gavaro and Popido, forming Serio La Sociolekta Triopo.
Halvelik also compiled a scientific vocabulary closer to Greco-Latin roots and proposed its application to fields such as taxonomy and linguistics. He gave this register of Esperanto the name Uniespo.
The idea of an "old Esperanto" was proposed by the Hungarian poet Kálmán Kalocsay who in 1931 included a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text, with hypothetic forms as if Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin.

La Sociolekta Triopo does not create new Esperantidos, but its sole purpose—including Arcaicam Esperantom—is to reflect styles in literature translated into Esperanto, like the Berlin Middle-German dialect spoken by characters in Carl Zuckmayer's Captain of Köpenick, or ancient styles in Walter Scott's Ivanhoe.
La Sociolekta Triopo thus constitutes not three new constructed languages, but constructed auxiliary sociolects for Esperanto, understandable by every reader of Esperanto but still providing the stylistic differences between dialects, slang, and ancient forms contrasting with Fundamento de Esperanto, standard Esperanto, e.g. in works of Mark Twain or The Lord of the Rings.

Differences from Esperanto

Spelling

The three following rules are also added:

g becomes gu or g
k becomes qu or c
ŭ becomes ù

[diphthongs]

aŭ becomes aù
eŭ becomes eù

consonant clusters

dz becomes zz
ks becomes x
kv becomes cù

Typography

Halvelik recommends blackletter and uncial types.

Pronouns

Pronouns are changed as:

English	Esperanto	Arcaicam Esperantom
I	mi	mihi
thou/you	ci	tu
he	li	lùi
she	ŝi	eshi
it	ĝi	eghi
we	ni	nos
you	vi	wos
they	ili	ilùi
Reflexive pronoun +self*	si	sihi

*herself/himself/itself/themselves

There is an old pronoun egui which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun. Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, animals etc.

Verbs

The infinitive ends in -ir, rather than in the -i of modern Esperanto. Ex.: fari becomes pharir.
The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.

Example: the modern Esperanto verb esti, present tense:

mi/ci/li/ŝi/ĝi/si/ni/vi/ili estas

The Arcaicam Esperantom verb estir, present tense:

estams
estas
estat
estaims
estais
estait

The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:

The future-tense conjugation estos becomes estoms, etc.
The past-tense conjugation estis becomes estims, etc.
The conditional-mood conjugation estus becomes estums, etc.

The imperative mood behaves differently from that pattern:

The imperative form estu stays estu for singular subjects, but becomes estuy for plural subjects.

Nominals

-o becomes om
-oj becomes oy
-on stays -on. Where Esperanto has a direction accusative, the dative is used. E.g.: becomes Ityu Wirinnom Drinquemulon antez Tribunalod.
-ojn becomes -oyn
al x-o becomes x-od
al x-oj becomes x-oyd
de x-o becomes x-es
de x-oj becomes x-eys
-e becomes -œ
-aŭ becomes -ez
-a becomes -am
-aj becomes -ay
A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: Glawom = glavo.
The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix -ado. The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending. Ex: Leguirom = legado.
The declension of personal pronouns below, however, differs significantly from declensions of nouns or adjectives. These personal pronouns have their own adjectival forms.

Correlatives

ki- becomes cuy-
ti- becomes ity-
i- becomes hey-
neni- becomes nemy-
ĉi- becomes chey-
ali- becomes altri-
-o becomes -om
-a becomes -am
-am becomes -ahem
-e becomes -œ
-om becomes -ohem
the particle ĉi becomes ''is-''

Articles

The definite article la does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of ityu.
The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is unn.

Examples

Phrases

Salutoyn cheyuyd! Cuyel phartais wos? –'Hello everyone, how are you?'
Lùi ex Byelostocom wenat. – 'He comes from Białystok.'
Cuyel nomizzas? – 'What is your name?'
Nomizzams Petrus. – 'My name is Peter.'
Ityon comprenams bonœ. – 'I understand that well.'
Unn Manom altrian Manon lawat. – 'One hand washes the other.'
Tempom phughat. – 'Tempus fugit'
Ityel pasat mondes Glorom. – 'Sic transit gloria mundi'
Wenims, widims, wenquims. – 'Veni, vidi, vici'
Homom Homoyd Lupom estat. – 'Homo homini lupus'