Turnover (food)
A turnover is a small pie, made by placing a filling on a piece of pastry or viennoiserie dough. The dough is then folded over and sealed, and is then cooked by either baking or frying. Turnovers can be sweet or savoury and are often eaten as a sort of portable meal or dessert. Throughout the world, turnovers are known by different names. For example, in Spanish-speaking countries they are known as empanadas, while pasty, originally a Cornish term, has spread across the globe.
It is common for sweet turnovers to have a fruit filling and be made with a puff pastry or shortcrust pastry dough and covered with icing. Savoury turnovers generally contain meat, vegetables or a mixture of both, and can be made with any sort of pastry dough. Savoury turnovers are often sold as convenience foods in supermarkets.
Fillings
Common turnover fillings include fruits such as apples, peaches and cherries, meats like chicken, beef and pork, vegetables such as potatoes, broccoli and onions, and savoury ingredients like cheese. Specialty versions are also found, such as wild rabbit and leek. In the United Kingdom, turnovers are usually filled with cooked apples, but any fruit can be used, as described in Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.In the United States, savoury products that are identified as a turnover have to contain a certain amount of meat or poultry under the Food Standards and Labeling Policy. A similar law, the Meat Pie and Sausage Roll Regulation 1967 exists in the United Kingdom, which states that pasties must contain meat that is a minimum 12.75% of the weight of the pastry.
List of turnover names
Around the world, turnovers are known by different names. For example, in the United Kingdom, turnover is generally used as the name for sweet versions, however savoury turnovers can be called pasty, bridie, clanger or oggie. There are different names used around the world:| Name | Image | Sweet or Savoury | Countries/Area used | References |
| Apfeltasche | Sweet | •Germany | ||
| Appelflappen | Sweet | •Netherlands | ||
| Apple turnover | Sweet | •United States •United Kingdom •Australia •New Zealand •Canada | ||
| Birnbrot | Sweet | •Switzerland | ||
| Börek | Sweet and Savoury | •Middle East •Balkans | ||
| Bourekas | 100px | Sweet and Savoury | •Israel | |
| Bridie | Savoury | •Scotland | ||
| Briouat | Sweet and Savoury | •Morocco | ||
| Chausson au Citron | Sweet | •France | ||
| Chausson aux pommes | Sweet | •France | ||
| Clanger | Savoury | •England | ||
| Curry beef turnover | Savoury | •Hong Kong | ||
| Curry puff | Savoury | •Brunei •Indonesia •Malaysia •Myanmar •Singapore •Thailand | ||
| Empanada | Sweet or Savoury | •Spain •Argentine •Peru •Nicaragua •Chile •Colombia •Cuba •Equador •Mexico •Venezuela •Uruguay •Sardinia •Philippines •Sicily •Tunisia •North Sulawesi | ||
| Flip | Sweet or Savoury | •Newfoundland and Labrador | ||
| Fried pie | Sweet | •United States | ||
| Haitian patty | Savoury | •Haiti | ||
| Jamaican patty | Savoury | •Caribbean | ||
| Panades | Savoury | •Belize | ||
| Pastel Federal | Sweet | •Argentina | ||
| Pasty | Sweet / Savoury | •United Kingdom •United States •Australia •New Zealand •South Africa | ||
| Paste | Sweet or Savoury | •Mexico | ||
| Pastel | Sweet and Savoury | •Brazil | ||
| Patties | Savoury | •Sri Lanka •Bangladesh | ||
| Pirozhki | Sweet and Savoury | •Russia | ||
| Salteña | Savoury | •Bolivia | ||
| Samosa | Savoury | •West Asia •East Africa •Central Asia •Southeast Asia | ||
| Sambousek | Savoury | •Middle Eastern | ||
| Shingara | Savoury | •Bangladesh | ||
| Strudel | Sweet and Savoury | •Austria •Italy •Israel •Hungary •Germany •France •Croatia •Bosnia and Herzegovina •Poland •Ukraine •Romania •Czech Republic •Slovakia •Slovenia •Serbia •Bulgaria | ||
| Welsh Oggie | Savoury | •Wales |