Ancyromonadida


Ancyromonadida or Planomonadida is a small group of biflagellated eukaryotes found in the soil and in aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria. They are freshwater or marine organisms, benthic, dorsoventrally compressed and with two unequal flagellae, each emerging from a separate pocket. The apical anterior flagellum can be very thin or end in the cell membrane, while the posterior flagellum is long and is inserted ventrally or laterally. The cell membrane is supported by a thin single-layered theca and the mitochondrial crests are discoidal/flat.
The group's placement is doubtful, as it seems to fall outside the five supergroups of eukaryotes. Cavalier-Smith considers that they constitute a basal group to Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta and places it together with other related groups in Sulcozoa. However, they appear more basal than Malawimonas, placing them in Loukozoa, possibly as stem podiates, and depending on the placement of the root position of the eukaryotes.

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

  • Order Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Atkins 2000
  • * Family Planomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2008
  • ** Genus Fabomonas Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species F. tropica Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species F. mesopelagica Yubuki et al. 2023
  • ** Genus Planomonas Cavalier-Smith 2008 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species P. brevis Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species P. bulbosa Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species P. cephalopora Cavalier-Smith 2008
  • *** Species P. elongata Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species P. micra Cavalier-Smith 2008
  • * Family Ancyromonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993
  • ** Genus Ancyromonas Kent 1880
  • *** Species A. abrupta Skvortzov 1957
  • *** Species A. atlantica Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species A. contorta Lemmermann 1914
  • *** Species A. impluvium Lee 2015
  • *** Species A. indica Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species A. kenti Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Species A. lata Skvortzov 1957
  • *** Species A. magna Zhang & Yang 1993
  • *** Species A. mediterranea Yubuki et al. 2023
  • *** Species A. metabolica Skvortzov 1957
  • *** Species A. minuta Skvortzov 1958
  • *** Species A. nitzschiae Skvortzov 1957
  • *** Species A. pacifica Yubuki et al. 2023
  • *** Species A. parasitica Massart
  • *** Species A. prima Skvortzov 1957
  • *** Species A. rotundata Skvortzov 1957
  • *** Species A. rugosa Skvortzov 1957
  • *** Species A. sigmoides Kent 1880 sensu Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010
  • *** Species A. sinistra Al-Qassab et al. 2002
  • *** Species A. socialis Skvortzov 1957
  • ** Genus Caraotamonas Yubuki et al. 2023
  • *** Species C. croatica Yubuki et al. 2023
  • ** Genus Nutomonas Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • *** Subgenus Nutomonas Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • **** Species N. howeae Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • ***** Subspecies N. h. howeae Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • ***** Subspecies N. h. lacustris Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • **** Species N. limna Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • ***** Subspecies N. l. limna Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • ***** Subspecies N. l. terrestris Cavalier-Smith & Glücksman 2013
  • ** Genus Nyramonas Yubuki et al. 2023
  • *** Species N. glaciarum Yubuki et al. 2023
  • *** Species N. silfraensis Yubuki et al. 2023
  • ** Genus Olneymonas Yubuki et al. 2023
  • *** Species O. thurstoni Yubuki et al. 2023
  • ** Genus Striomonas Cavalier-Smith 2013 stat. nov. Yubuki et al. 2023
  • *** Species S. longa Cavalier-Smith & Glücksman 2013 stat. nov. Yubuki et al. 2023
  • * Incertae sedis Ancyromonadida
  • ** Genus Divimonas Barkhouse, Eglit, Weston and Simpson 2025
  • *** Species D. melba comb. n. Barkhouse, Eglit, Weston and Simpson 2025