American and British English grammatical differences

Subject–verb agreement

Verbs

Verb morphology

• The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be formed with -t or with the regular -ed. In BrE, both irregular and regular forms are current, but for some words there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms, especially by users of Received Pronunciation. For other words the regular forms are somewhat more common.

• The past tense of spit "expectorate" is spat in BrE, spit or spat in AmE. AmE typically has spat in figurative contexts, for example, "He spat out the name with a sneer", or in the context of expectoration of an object that is not saliva, for example, "He spat out the foul-tasting fish" but spit for "expectorated" when it refers only to the expulsion of phlegm or saliva.
• The past participle of saw is normally sawn in BrE and sawed in AmE.
• The past participle gotten is rarely used in modern BrE, which generally uses got except when fixed in old expressions such as ill-gotten gains and in the minority of dialects that retain the older form. The American dictionary Merriam-Webster, however, lists "gotten" as a standard past participle of "get." According to the Compact Oxford English Dictionary, "The form gotten is not used in British English but is very common in North American English"
• AmE, but not BrE, has forgot as a less common alternative to forgotten for the past participle of forget.
• AmE further allows other irregular verbs, such as dive or sneak, and often mixes the preterite and past participle forms, sometimes forcing verbs such as shrink to have a further form, thus shrunk–''shrunken. These uses are often considered nonstandard; the AP Stylebook in AmE treats some irregular verbs as colloquialisms, insisting on the regular forms for the past tense of dive, plead and sneak. Dove and snuck are usually considered nonstandard in Britain, although dove exists in some British dialects and snuck'' is occasionally found in British speech.

Use of tenses

• In BrE, have got or have can be used for possession and have got to and have to can be used for the modal of necessity. The forms that include got are usually used in informal contexts and the forms without got in contexts that are more formal. In American speech the form without got is used more than in the UK, although the form with got is often used for emphasis. Colloquial AmE informally uses got as a finite verb for these meanings—for example, I got two cars, I got to go.
• In conditional sentences if clauses, US spoken usage often substitutes in the subordinate clause would and would have for the simple past and for the pluperfect. This tends to be avoided in writing because it is often still considered non-standard although such use of would is widespread in spoken US English in all sectors of society. Some reliable sources now label this usage as acceptable US English and no longer label it as colloquial. In cases in which the action in the if clause takes place after that in the main clause, use of would in counterfactual conditions is, however, considered standard and correct usage in even formal UK and US usage: If it would make Bill happy, I'd give him the money.
• The "present subjunctive" is regularly used in AmE in mandative clauses. In BrE, this usage declined in the 20th century in favor of constructions such as They suggested that he should apply for the job. However, the mandative subjunctive has always been used in BrE, especially in formal writing.

Verbal auxiliaries

• Shall is much more commonly used by the British than by modern-day Americans, who generally prefer will. Some prescriptions about the distinction exist, which are now esoteric in AmE. However shall is still common in American legal documents. Shan't is typically regarded by Americans as a stereotypical British construction; in AmE, it is almost invariably replaced by won't or am/are/is not going to or their contractions. In both British and American grammar, would and should have different meanings. However, in British grammar, it is also possible for should and would to have the same meaning, with a distinction only in terms of formality. For most Americans, this nuance has been lost, with would being used in both contexts; for example, I should like to leave is no longer a formal way to say I would like to leave in modern AmE. Expressions like I should be happy to go are rather formal even in BrE.
• The periphrastic future "be going to" is about twice as frequent in AmE as in BrE.
• Use of "do" as a pro-predicate is almost exclusively British usage.

Transitivity

Complementation

• The verbs prevent and stop can be found in two different constructions: "prevent/stop someone from doing something" and "prevent/stop someone doing something". The latter is well established in BrE, but not in AmE.
• Some verbs can take either a to+infinitive construction or a gerund construction. For example, the gerund is more common:
• * In AmE than BrE, with start, begin, omit, enjoy;
• * In BrE than AmE, with love, like, intend.

Presence (or absence) of syntactic elements

• Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, speakers of BrE often use "to go and" plus bare infinitive while it is also acceptable for speakers of AmE to use "to go" plus bare infinitive. Thus, where BrE speakers would say "I'll go take/have a bath", AmE speakers may also say "I'll go take/have a bath". Similarly, "to come" plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, but speakers of BrE would instead use "to come " plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE may say "come see what I bought", BrE and some AmE speakers would say "come see what I've bought".
• Use of prepositions before days denoted by a single word. The British say She resigned on Thursday, but Americans often say She resigned Thursday although both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December.
• In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, but Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting or on Tuesday. A variation or alternative of that is the mostly-American the play opens Tuesday and the mostly-British the play opens on Tuesday.
• American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, but their British counterparts do not. Compare Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 to the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. The year preceding the short title is also common in both systems in citing laws but is not widespread. This is because British people are taught from a young age that even though the of is omitted in writing it must still be said when speaking or reading.

Definite article

• A few 'institutional' nouns take no definite article when a certain role is implied: for example, "at sea", "in prison", and "at/in college". Among this group, BrE has "in hospital" and "at university", where AmE requires "in the hospital" and "at the university". When the implied roles of patient or student do not apply, the definite article is used in both dialects. However, both variations drop the definite article with rush hour: at rush hour /in rush-hour traffic.
• BrE distinguishes "in future" from "in the future" ; AmE uses "in the future" for both senses.
• When talking about playing musical instruments, without necessarily using the word 'play', the definite article is used in BrE, whereas in AmE it can be omitted:
• * How difficult is it to learn violin?
• * I’m practising piano.
• * play piano
• * Plectrum was an instrument for striking lyre.
• This is also true for some fixed expressions:
• * tell time
• In BrE, numbered highways usually take the definite article ; AmE usually omits in. Southern California, Arizona, and certain areas in which Inland Northern American English is spoken are exceptions, where "the 33", "the 5", or "the 10" are the standard. A similar pattern is followed for named roads, but in America, there are local variations, and older American highways tend to follow the British pattern.
• AmE distinguishes "in back of" from "in the back of"; BrE does not use the former, which can be misinterpreted as the latter.
• Dates often include a definite article in spoken BrE, such as "the eleventh of July", or "July the eleventh"; AmE most commonly say "July eleventh" but occasionally "July eleven". However, the UK variants are also found in the US, even in formal contexts, especially in rural New England and the Deep South, perhaps influenced by other English variants, one example being "the Fourth of July", Independence Day in the US.

Phrasal verbs

• In AmE, paperwork is usually but not invariably filled out, but in BrE, it is usually filled in. However, in reference to individual parts of a form Americans may also use in. In AmE, the direction fill it all in is as common as fill it all out.
• Britons facing extortionate prices may have no option but to fork out, but Americans are more likely to fork over or sometimes up; however, the out usage is found in both dialects.
• In both countries, thugs beat up their victim, but AmE also allows beat on or beat up on, which are often considered slang.
• When an outdoor event is postponed or interrupted by rain, it is rained off in the UK and rained out in the US.

Miscellaneous grammatical differences

• In BrE, the word sat is often colloquially used to cover sat, sitting and seated: I've been sat here waiting for half an hour. The bride's family will be sat on the right-hand side of the church. That construction is not often heard outside the UK. In the 1960s, its use would mark a speaker as coming from Northern England, but by the turn of the 21st century, it had spread to Southern England. Its use often conveys lighthearted informality in which many speakers intentionally use a dialect or colloquial construction they would probably not use in formal written English. The colloquial usage is widely understood by British speakers. Similarly, stood may be used instead of standing. To Americans and still to many Britons, those usages are passive and may imply that the subject had been involuntarily forced to sit or to stand or directed to hold that location.
• Nearly 40% of participants in a national survey of the United States claimed that they may used the phrase Are you coming with? to mean Are you coming with us? or Are you coming along?, but it is rarely used in writing and linguists particularly associate the phrase with the upper Midwestern United States. Come with is used as an abbreviation of come with me, as in I'm going to the office – come with by speakers in Minnesota and parts of the adjoining states, which had a large number of Scandinavian, Dutch, and German immigrants; speaking English, they translated equivalent phrases directly from their own languages. German and Dutch have separable verbs meaning to "come with", mitkommen, and meekomen. It is similar to South African English in which expression comes from Afrikaans, a language of Dutch origin. Those contractions are rarely used in BrE.
• Before some words beginning with a pronounced h in an unstressed first syllable, such as hallucination, hilarious, historic, horrendous and horrific, some British writers prefer to use an over a. An is also preferred before hotel by some writers of BrE, probably reflecting the relatively recent adoption of the word from French in which the h is not pronounced, but it also fits the stress rule described since it is the second syllable that is stressed. The use of "an" before words beginning with an unstressed "h" is less common generally in AmE. Such usage would now be seen as affected or incorrect in AmE, which normally uses a in all these cases. According to The New Oxford Dictionary of English, such use is also increasingly rare the UK. Unlike BrE, however, AmE typically uses an before herb, since the h in this word is silent for most Americans.
• The adverb well may be used in colloquial BrE only with the meaning "very" to modify adjectives. For example, "The film was well good."
• In both British and American English, a person can make a decision; however, only in British English is the common variant take a decision also an option in a formal, serious, or official context.
• The British often describe a person as tanned, where Americans would use tan. For instance, "she was tanned", rather than "she was tan".