Schoolhouse Rock!
Schoolhouse Rock! is an American interstitial programming series of animated musical educational short films which aired during the Saturday morning children's programming block on the US television network ABC. The themes covered included grammar, science, economics, history, mathematics, and civics. The series' original run lasted from 1973 to 1985; it was later revived from 1993 to 1996. Additional episodes were produced in 2009 for direct-to-video release.
History
Idea and development
The series was the idea of David McCall, an advertising executive of McCaffrey & McCall, who noticed his young son was struggling with learning multiplication tables, despite being able to memorize the lyrics of many Rolling Stones songs. McCall hired musician Bob Dorough to write a song that would teach multiplication, which became "Three Is a Magic Number." Tom Yohe, an illustrator at McCaffrey & McCall, heard the song and created visuals to accompany it. Radford Stone, producer and writer at ABC, suggested they pitch it as a television series, which caught the attention of Michael Eisner, then the senior vice president in charge of programming and development at ABC, and cartoon director Chuck Jones. Production was handled by Scholastic Rock, Inc., a subsidiary of McCaffrey & McCall.Original series
The first video of the series, "Three Is a Magic Number," originally premiered during the debut episode of Curiosity Shop on September 2, 1971. The Curiosity Shop version is an extended cut that includes an additional scene/verse of 15 seconds in length that explains the pattern of each set of ten containing three multiples of three, animated in the form of a carnival shooting game. This scene has never been rebroadcast on ABC, nor has it been included in any home media releases; the longer version is, however, available on the soundtrack album, as is an extended version of "My Hero Zero".Schoolhouse Rock! debuted as a series in January 1973 with Multiplication Rock, a collection of animated music videos adapting the multiplication tables to songs written by Bob Dorough. Dorough also performed most of the songs, with Grady Tate performing two and Blossom Dearie performing one during this season. General Foods was the series' first sponsor; later sponsors of the Schoolhouse Rock! segments also included Nabisco, Kenner Toys, Kellogg's, and McDonald's. During the early 1970s, Schoolhouse Rock was one of several short-form animated educational shorts that aired on ABC's children's lineup; others included Time for Timer and The Bod Squad. Of the three, Schoolhouse Rock was the longest running.
George Newall and Tom Yohe were the executive producers and creative directors of every episode, along with Bob Dorough as musical director. This first season was followed in short order by a second season, run from 1973 to 1975, entitled Grammar Rock, which included nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other parts of speech. By this point, the seasons were collectively called Scholastic Rock in news articles. For this second season, the show added the services of Jack Sheldon, a member of The Merv Griffin Show house band, as well as Lynn Ahrens; both of them contributed to the series through the rest of its run. Blossom Dearie returned for a second episode, and Essra Mohawk joined the cast as a recurring singer. In contrast to the series name implying rock and roll, most of the artists and songs were performed by jazz musicians; Sheldon noted the irony of the arrangement and how "everybody loved it" anyway.
By 1974, the name Schoolhouse Rock! was used for the series as a whole. A third season, America Rock, began production at the same time as Grammar Rock. It aired in 1975 and 1976, timed to coincide with the United States Bicentennial, and had music videos covering the structure of the United States government along with important moments in American history.
A fourth series, titled "Science Rock," followed in 1978 and 1979, and included a broad range of science-related topics. The first video of this season, "A Victim of Gravity," parodied elements of the hit film Grease and featured a rare guest appearance from a pop band, with recently reunited doo-wop group the Tokens providing the vocals. In addition to episodes describing the human body's anatomical systems, episodes describing physical sciences such as astronomy, meteorology and electricity were also included, as was "The Energy Blues," an environmentalism-themed video.
A fifth follow-up series, titled "Scooter Computer and Mr. Chips," featuring the titular characters, premiered in the early 1980s and comprised just four segments about home computer technology, then just emerging onto the scene. ABC pulled Schoolhouse Rock! as a whole off the air in August 1985 in favor of fitness show ABC Funfit.
1990s
The popularity of Schoolhouse Rock! led to an effort to get the show back on the air by student Jennifer Wood in 1991. This eventually happened in 1993 and it came with new content; the original team reunited to produce two more Grammar Rock segments for television with J. J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. This was followed in 1995 by a new series, "Money Rock," which discussed themes related to money management on both the personal and governmental scale. Episodes from the new series aired in rotation with the original segments from 1993 to 1996.The Walt Disney Company acquired Schoolhouse Rock in 1996 along with its acquisition of ABC owner Capital Cities/ABC Inc.; Schoolhouse Rock was one of only two non-Disney children's shows to continue airing after the transition to One Saturday Morning. The series as a whole ceased airing on television in 2000, with newer episodes being released directly to home video. However, reruns occasionally aired on Toon Disney's Big Movie Show block in 2004, but were soon removed from the schedule.
21st century
Starting in 2002, the team once again reunited to produce a new song, "I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College," written by George Newall and performed by Bob Dorough and Jack Sheldon for the 30th Anniversary VHS and DVD releases. For the new song, Tom Yohe Jr. took over as lead designer for his father, Tom Yohe Sr., who had died in 2000. Another contemporary song, "Presidential Minute," also written by George Newall, which explains the process of electing the President of the United States in greater detail, was included on the 2008 DVD Schoolhouse Rock! Election Collection, which centers on songs relating to American history and government.In 2009, in response to the threat of climate change, a new series of shorts was released directly to DVD, with the title Schoolhouse Rock! Earth. Animations were created by members of the original production team, and 11 environmentally themed songs were written and performed by a combination of veterans of the original series and newcomers such as composer George Stiles and performers Tituss Burgess, Barrett Foa, and Shoshana Bean, all of whom were veterans of Broadway theatre. In a first for the series, an additional 12th song, "The 3 R's," a reworked version of "Three Is a Magic Number" rethemed around the message "reduce, reuse, recycle," was included as a live action music video rather than as a new cartoon. Also unique to this iteration of the series was the inclusion of interstitial introductions featuring recurring animated characters created for the DVD, Jack, Bob, and Lou, a trio of Arctic polar bears.
On January 6, 2013, George Newall and Bob Dorough appeared at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., as part of their ongoing series of free concerts on the Millennium Stage. It was deemed the largest attendance to date of the venue. Dorough played five songs, accompanying himself on the piano: "Three Is a Magic Number," "Figure Eight," "Conjunction Junction," "Preamble," and "I'm Just a Bill." . He also performed "Interjections!" accompanied by DC-area kids' band Rocknoceros. Rocknoceros also performed "Electricity, Electricity," "Unpack Your Adjectives," "Energy Blues," and "Fireworks."
On March 20, 2019, it was announced that Schoolhouse Rock!: The Box Set was added to the Library of Congress National Recording Registry in its 2018 class.
Music videos
Multiplication Rock
- No shows were produced featuring the number 1 explicitly, though several of them, including "Elementary, My Dear," do include this number. "My Hero, Zero" introduced the subject of how to use zero for multiplying by 10, 100, and 1,000. "Little Twelvetoes" introduced the subject of how math arranged on base 12 rather than on base 10 would work, as well as covering multiplication by 12.
- In 1973, Capitol/EMI Records released a soundtrack album of Multiplication Rock, featuring all 11 songs. Two tracks, "My Hero, Zero" and "Three Is a Magic Number," had been edited for TV to keep each video within three minutes. This LP features both songs in their full, uncut forms. Also, the album version of "The Four-Legged Zoo" has a slightly shorter ending compared with the television version. Released with the album was a single with the two Grady Tate–sung tracks. This album was re-released on Record Store Day 2019 by UMe on red/blue-colored vinyl.
Grammar Rock
- This segment introduces Jack Sheldon and Lynn Ahrens as series regulars. "Conjunction Junction" and "A Noun Is a Person, Place, or Thing" were Sheldon and Ahrens' debuts on Schoolhouse Rock! respectively.
- "Busy Prepositions" and "The Tale of Mr. Morton" were produced for Schoolhouse Rock!s return to ABC in 1993 with J.J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. producing the animation.
America Rock
- "I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College" and "Presidential Minute" were produced for DVD.