Amastra


Amastra is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Amastridae.
Like many Hawaiian land snails, species in this genus have adapted to a specific ecological niche and have evolved in relative isolation. They used to thrive in wet or moderately wet forested areas.
Unfortunately, many of the species in this genus have become extinct in recent times or have become critically endangered through habitat loss or, in most cases, predation by Euglandina rosea. This loss is often highlighted as part of the broader biodiversity crisis faced by the Hawaiian Islands.
Some individuals of remaining extant Amastra species were collected for captive breeding programs at the Bishop Museum and Snail Extinction Prevention Program. Reintroductions of some species are currently underway.

Description

The elongated shell is typically dextral, ranging from globose-conic to oblong-conic in shape. It may be umbilicate or imperforate. he shell surface might show growth striations or a fine malleation. The coloration varies, often appearing dull or dark, but sometimes light with a dull, darker, or yellowish cuticle. The shell consists of 5½ to 8 whorls, with the spire and apex conical in shape. The aperture is ovate, and the outer lip is not expanded but is often thickened internally. The columella features a spiral lamella that penetrates about half a whorl, and is present at all stages of growth observed. Above the lamella, the axis is slightly sinuous.
The species is viviparous. The jaw is vertically striate, and the teeth are arranged in nearly straight transverse rows, exhibiting the typical quadrate form. The central teeth are narrow with small, sinuous cusps.

Distribution

This genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

Species

Species within the genus Amastra include:

Taxa inquirenda

Amastra amboinensis E. A. Smith, 1873Amastra amicta E. A. Smith, 1873 Amastra citrea Sykes, 1896: synonym of Amastra mucronata citrea Sykes, 1896 Amastra lineolata Amastra longa Sykes, 1896Amastra peasei E. A. Smith, 1873Amastra seminuda Baldwin, 1906Amastra villosa Sykes, 1896: synonym of ''Amastra hutchinsonii''

Synonyms

Amastra acuta : synonym of Amastra spirizona Amastra anaglypta C. M. Cooke, 1917: synonym of Amastra sericea anaglypta C. M. Cooke, 1917 Amastra bigener Hyatt, 1911: synonym of Amastra affinis Amastra carinata Gulick, 1873: synonym of Amastra agglutinans Amastra citrea Sykes, 1896: synonym of Amastra mucronata citrea Sykes, 1896 Amastra conicospira E. A. Smith, 1873: synonym of Amastra cylindrica Amastra cookei Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911: synonym of Amastra textilis Amastra deshaysii : synonym of Amastra assimilis Amastra frosti Ancey, 1892: synonym of Amastra micans Amastra heliciformis Ancey, 1890: synonym of Tropidoptera heliciformis Amastra henshawi Baldwin, 1903: synonym of Amastra flavescens henshawi Baldwin, 1903 Amastra kuhnsi Cooke, 1908: synonym of Laminella kuhnsi Amastra nigrolabris E. A. Smith, 1873: synonym of Amastra spirizona nigrolabris E. A. Smith, 1873 Amastra rustica Gulick, 1873: synonym of Amastra affinis Amastra saxicola Baldwin, 1903: synonym of Amastra flavescens saxicola Baldwin, 1903 Amastra simularis W. D. Hartman, 1888: synonym of Amastra mucronata Amastra villosa Sykes, 1896: synonym of Amastra hutchinsonii (junior subjective synonym