Alphonse van Gèle
Alphonse van Gèle, also written van Gele or Vangele, was a Belgian soldier who served as the Vice-Governor General of the Congo Free State from December 1897 until January 1899.
He established the Equator Station, or Station de l’Équateur, today Mbandaka, and concluded a treaty with the powerful Zanzibar trader Tippu Tip at the Stanley Falls station, today Kisangani.
He is known for having confirmed that the Uele River was the upper part of the Ubangi River.
Early years
Alphonse van Gèle was born in Brussels on 25 April 1848.He enlisted as a volunteer in the 8th Line Regiment in 1867, was made a sub-lieutenant in 1872 and became a lieutenant in the 3rd Line Regiment in 1878.
He was appointed Adjoint d'État-Major in 1881.
Colonial career
Route to Léopoldville (1882–1883)
In 1881 Van Gèle offered his services to the International African Association as Deputy Lieutenant to the State Major, and received a short training course at the Institut Cartographique Militaire.On 5 May 1882 he embarked at Southampton for Cape Town, where he joined the engineer Lieutenant Louis Valcke, who had gone to the east coast of Africa to recruit 250 Zanzibaris there and bring them to the estuary of Congo River.
They reached the mouth of the Congo on 3 July 1882, then traveled to Banana and Vivi.
Henry Morton Stanley had arrived in Vivi on 4 July 1882 and was organizing an expedition up the Congo River to the Stanley Falls, which would take control of the country along the route.
When Valcke and Van Gèle arrived in Vivi with their contingent, Stanley at once instructed them to work on construction of the road from Vivi to Isangila, bypassing the rapids and leading to the navigable section up to Manyanga, then to connect Manyanga to Léopoldville.
The work had to be done quickly so the dismantled Association internationale Africaine steamer and goods could be carried to Léopoldville for the planned expedition.
In the course of the work Van Gèle suffered from violent bouts of fever and had to be evacuated to Boma.
He recovered, rejoined Valcke, and helped him until a post was erected on the territory of Chief Lutete as a staging point for the Manyanga-Léopoldville transport.
Van Gèle took charge of the Lutete post and ran it effectively until 1 April 1883, when he was appointed to replace Valcke, who had himself been appointed to replace Charles-Marie de Braconnier in Léopoldville.
Équateur (1883–1884)
In May 1883 Van Gèle and Camille Coquilhat were appointed to accompany Stanley in his expedition to the Upper Congo.
The expedition left Léopoldville on 9 May 1883 with all their steamers: En Avant, Eclaireur, Royal and A.I.A..
The expedition had seven Europeans and 67 Africans.
Stanley reached the mouth of the Ruki River on 9 June 1883 and directed Van Gèle and Coquilhat to build a station there.
On 20 June 1883 Van Gèle signed a treaty with Ikenge, principal chief in the district of Ibonga-Wangata, and Ipambi, principal chief in the same district, in which they ceded all property in perpetuity, the land and the rights to exploit the resources of the country and to create and roads and establishments suitable for developing the commercial and other relations of the Committee and Expedition.
Assisted by Coquilhat, Van Gèle built a model station and was named its commander.
It was called Equator Station, or Station de l’Équateur, then Equateurville, later Coquilhatville, today Mbandaka.
The Belgians became involved in local power struggles.
In one conflict a local ruler was killed and the spoils of war ended up in Van Gèle's ethnographic collection.
While the Équateur station was being built, Stanley explored the Lulonga River and Lake Tumba.
He returned to Leopoldville, then immediately left for the Falls.
He returned to Équateurville, where he praised the station, the discipline of the soldiers and the good but not over-familiar relations with the local people.
First Ubangi expedition (1884)
At the beginning of April 1884 Van Gèle briefly explored the course of the Ruki River.On 17 April 1884 Edmond Hanssens, who had replaced Stanley in the Upper Congo, arrived in Equateurville.
Two days later Hanssens and Van Gèle set out in the En Avant to explore the Ubangi River with the pharmacist Courtois, de Guérin and the mechanic Amelot, a crew of ten Zanzibaris and a local African who was to act as their interpreter.
Going downstream the steamer skirted the right bank of the Congo River, but was carried by the current into a maze of islands.
After three days they saw some native fishermen in a canoe.
Van Gèle managed to persuade them to act as pilots, and after four hours of full steam on 21 April 1884 entered a strong stream of yellow water, the Ubangi, which they ascended to the Bisongo village.
They received a friendly reception, and Hanssens exchanged blood with Chief Mkoko.
The chief agreed to place both banks of the Ubangi under the protection of the International African Association.
After returning to Equateurville Hanssens left Van Gèle in charge and took Coquihat with him to found the Bangala station, the future Nouvelle Anvers.
Van Gèle concluded nine treaties between 26 April and 16 July 1884, including several that were signed in the Ruki River region.
Upper Congo (1884–1885)
Hanssens left Léopoldville for Belgium on 8 November after dividing his command into two regions.Guillaume Casman was given the territory from the Pool to Equateur, while Van Gèle took the territory from there to the Falls.
On 11 November 1884 Casman left for Équateur in an expedition with three steamers: the Royal, A.I.A. and En Avant.
The members included Casman, Charles Liebrechts and Camille Van den Plas.
They stopped at Kimpoko to embark the Swedish lieutenant Edde Gleerup, who had been appointed second to Wester at the Falls.
On 24 November 1884 they reached Msuata.
Casman arrived at Equateur Station on 12 December 1884, where Van Gèle handed over command in a ceremony before the native chiefs.
Van Gèle then left for a visit to the Falls accompanied by the intendant Van den Plas and Gleerup.
Well before reaching the Aruwimi River he noticed that the local people had been terrorized by a recent attack by the Arabs against the Basokos.
He reached the Basoko villages at the mouth of the Aruwimi on 20 January 1885.
The people had fled, and the Arabs had built a fortified camp there.
They greeted Van Gèle with a show of friendship.
The supply expedition continued on to Stanley Falls.
The land upstream from the Aruwimi had all been deserted by the people, who had fled the Arabs.
Soon after the expedition reached the Falls, Tippo-Tip sent his nephew Rachid to greet Van Gèle.
Later that day Tippo-Tip himself visited Van Gèle and assured him he wanted cordial relations with the Europeans and would stop hunting for slaves.
Van Gèle thought it was better to try to use Arab power to help the Belgians get established, as did Hanssens and Coquilhat.
He left Lieutenant Gleerup at the Falls with Tippo-Tip to support Lieutenant Arvid Wester.
He made many treaties with the local chiefs on his way downstream.
His term over, he reached Europe on 15 May 1885, where the King named him a knight of his order.
On 5 June 1885 Van Gèle left Europe for the Congo as commander of the territory between the Aruwimi and Stanley Falls.
He arrived in the Congo on 25 July 1885 and reached Léopoldville on 26 October 1885.
He developed a fever, and was forced to return.
He spent some time in Madeira, then returned to Brussels on 15 May 1886, completely recovered.
Second Ubangi expedition (1886)
The geographer Alphonse-Jules Wauters had published the theory that the Uele River which Georg August Schweinfurth had explored was the same as the Ubangi River explored by Hanssens.The Congo Free State government charged Van Gèle with exploring the Ubangi above 4° north to resolve the problem.
He should also conclude treaties with chiefs of territories on the left bank of the river.
Van Gèle, in the company of Raert, embarked in Ostend on 30 June 1886, en route to Vivi via London and Madeira.
His mission was said to be to organize the Falls region.
On 2 August 1886 Van Gèle, accompanied by lieutenant Liénart, left Léopoldville on the Henry Reed of the American Baptist Missionary Union.
On 11 October 1886 they left Equateur Station and entered the Ubangi the next day, passed the French post of N'Kundja and anchored upstream at a small island near Bisongo.
The commander of Kundja joined them there and told Van Gèle the French government had instructed him to deny access to the Ubangi, but Van Gèle argued that the Berlin Conference had declared freedom of navigation of the Congo and its tributaries, and proceeded upstream.
He noted that up to 4° the river only had relatively small tributaries on its left bank.
Van Gèle reached the foot of the Zongo rapids on 20 October 1886, and docked in Crocodile Bay.
For ten days Vangele and Liénart struggled to force the Henry Reed up through one of the five rocky channels, but were defeated and returned down the Ubangi on 4 November 1886.
They explored the navigable portions of the Lobay River, Ibenga River and Ngiri River on the way.
They returned to Equateurville on 4 December.
They reached Léopoldville on 29 December 1886.
In February 1887 they used the Henry Reed to explore the Lulonga River and its tributary the Lopori River.
Third Ubangi–Uele expedition (1887–1888)
On the way back to Léopoldville to organize a new attempt on the Ubangi, Van Gèle met Stanley coming up the river on the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.Stanley had a letter from Brussels ordering Van Gele to try to reach the upper Ubangi by way of the Itimbiri River and Djabir.
On 1 July Van Gèle left Léopoldville on the A.I.A. and the Henry Reed with Liénart and Francis Dhanis, towing barges carrying 100 soldiers.
He landed Dhanis at the Bangala station, then went up the Itimbiri to the Gô rapids.
From there he tried to clear a road through the forest to the north, but gave up when it seemed impossible to make progress.
He returned to the Équateur post on 11 March 1887, where he gave the Henry Reed back to the missionaries.
Van Gèle then went to meet governor-General Camille Janssen in Boma, who authorized an expedition towards the Uele by the Ubangi.
He left Léopoldville on the En-Avant towing a large pirogue from the Falls to make his another attempt on the Ubangi, again with Liénart.
They reached Zongo on 21 November 1887.
It was still not possible to pass the rapids, so Van Gèle decided to clear a road through the forest, disassemble the steamer, carry it round the rapids, and then reassemble it.
While this was being done, he went by pirogue up to the Bonga rapids, which he decided the steamer could pass.
After he returned the steamer was brought round the Zongo falls and relaunched.
It passed the Bonga rapids without difficulty, and passed the Buzy rapids with the help of cables.
On 1 January 1888 the steamer reached the region of the hostile Yakoma people.
The Yakoma population thought the Belgians were Sudanese merchants.
Lieutenant Liénart was attacked, and the Belgians fought back and burned the village.
The expedition was now at the point where the Mbomou River joins the Uele to form the Ubangi.
Van Gèle decided that the larger of the two rivers was the Uele River described by Schweinfurth, and that the geographer Wauters was correct.
During a forced halt to repair the steamer, the expedition was attacked by the Yakomis in a flotilla of pirogues but managed to fight them off.
Van Gele returned to Equateurville on 1 February 1888, then continued to Léopoldville.
He was charged with leading the expedition to Stanley Falls that Lieven Van de Velde had prepared before dying.
The expedition was to supply and reorganize the station at the Falls.
It left Léopoldville on 28 April 1888 and took possession of the Falls station on 15 June 1888.
The station, which Stanley had established on Usuma Island, was rebuilt on the right bank of the Congo downstream from the island.
Van Gèle returned on the steamer Le Stanley. He passed lieutenant Louis Haneuse, who was going to take command at the Falls.
He reached Léopoldville on 12 July 1888, and on 15 September 1888 returned to Belgium.