Afrasianist phonetic notation


Comparative work of the Afroasiatic languages uses a semi-conventionalized set of symbols that are somewhat different than the International [Phonetic Alphabet] and other phonetic notations. The more salient differences include the letters for IPA, the circumflex diacritic for lateral obstruents, and the sub-dot for emphatic consonants, which depending on the language may be ejective, implosive or pharyngealized.

Conventions

Letters

Phonetic conventions are as follows:
AAIPAAAIPAAAIPAAAIPA
ḇp̠ṗḅ
ṯḏṯ̣ḏ̣
cʒčǯ
ṣc̣č̣y or i̭
ŝĉĉ̣ʒ̂
ḡḳ or qɣ ḫ
xx̣9w or ṷ
ḥʕʔh

is used only for Egyptian. Its value is not certain.
Sometimes IPA letters are used for the above, e.g. for, for or for, or intermediate notation such as for or for.
Other consonants are familiar from the IPA or may be extended from the patterns in the table.
Palatal/palatalized consonants are indicated with an acute accent: ; retroflex often with a grave accent: etc.; and uvulars sometimes with an inverted breve: etc. may be distinguished as a labialized consonant vs a consonant followed by a rounded vowel.
There is some inconsistency between authors, often reflecting different phonetic interpretations, e.g. for and for, or for and for, or for and for.
;Vowels
are long vowels; etc. are short vowels. is a neutral vowel.

Symbols for reconstruction

Wildcards include:
Thus *bVr- is shorthand for "either *bar- or *bir- or *bur-".