Adyghe verbs

In Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, the verb is the most inflected part of speech. Verbs are typically head final and are conjugated for tense, person, number, etc. Some of Circassian verbs can be morphologically simple, some of them consist only of one morpheme, like: кӏо "go", штэ "take". However, generally, Circassian verbs are characterized as structurally and semantically difficult entities. Morphological structure of a Circassian verb includes affixes which are specific to the language. Verbal affixes express meaning of subject, direct or indirect object, adverbial, singular or plural form, negative form, mood, direction, mutuality, compatibility and reflexivity, which, as a result, creates a complex verb, that consists of many morphemes and semantically expresses a sentence. For example: уакъыдэсэгъэгущыӏэжьы "I am forcing you to talk to them again" consists of the following morphemes: у-а-къы-дэ-сэ-гъэ-гущыӏэ-жьы, with the following meanings: "you with them from there together I am forcing to speak again ".

Tense

Adyghe verbs have several forms to express different tenses; here are some of them:

Tense	Suffix	Example	Meaning
Present	~∅	макӏо	he is going; he goes
Simple past	~агъэ	кӏуагъэ	he went
Discontinuous past	~гъагъ	кӏогъагъ	he went
Pluperfect	~гъагъ	кӏогъагъ	he had gone"
Categorical future	~н	кӏон	he will go
Factual future	~щт	кӏощт	he will go
Imperfect	~щтыгъ	кӏощтыгъ	he was going; he used to go
Conditional perfect	~щтыгъ	кӏощтыгъ	he would have gone
Future perfect	~гъэщт	кӏуагъэщт	he will have gone
Recent past	~гъакӏ	кӏогъакӏ	he just went

[Simple past]

The verbs in simple past tense are formed by adding -aгъ. In intransitive verbs it indicates that the action took place, but with no indication as to the duration, instant nor completeness of the action. In transitive verbs it conveys more specific information with regards to completeness of the action, and therefore they indicate some certainty as to the outcome of the action.
Examples :

кӏо go → кӏуагъ he went
къакӏу come → къэкӏуагъ he came
шхэ eat! → шхагъ he ate
ӏо say → ыӏуагъ he said
еплъ look at → еплъыгъ he looked at
шхы eat it → ышхыгъ he ate it

Plurality	Person	Cyrillic	IPA	Meaning
Singular	First-person	сыкӏуагъ, седжагъ	,	I went, I read
Singular	Second-person	укӏуагъ, уеджагъ	,	You went, You read
Singular	Third-person	кӏуагъ, еджагъ	,	He went, He read
Plural	First-person	тыкӏуагъ, теджагъ	,	We went, We read
Plural	Second-person	шъукӏуагъ, шъуеджагъ	,	You went, You read
Plural	Third-person	кӏуагъэх, еджагъэх	,	They went, They read

[Pluperfect] / [Discontinuous past]

The tense ~гъагъ can be used for both past perfect and discontinuous past:

Past perfect: It indicates that the action took place formerly at some certain time, putting emphasis only on the fact that the action took place
Past perfect 2: It expresses the idea that one action occurred before another action or event in the past.
Discontinuous past: It carries an implication that the result of the event described no longer holds. This tense expresses the following meanings: remote past, anti resultative, experiential and irrealis conditional.

Examples :

кӏо go → кӏогъагъ he had gone
къакӏу come → къэкӏогъагъ he had come
шхэ eat! → шхэгъагъ he had eaten
ӏо say → ыӏогъагъ he had said
еплъ look at → еплъыгъагъ he had looked
шхы eat it → ышхыгъагъ he had eaten

Plurality	Person	Cyrillic	IPA	Meaning
Singular	First-person	сыкӏогъагъ, седжэгъагъ	,	I had gone, I had read
Singular	Second-person	укӏогъагъ, уеджэгъагъ	,	You had gone, You had read
Singular	Third-person	кӏогъагъ, еджэгъагъ	,	He had gone, He had read
Plural	First-person	тыкӏогъагъ, теджэгъагъ	,	We had gone, We had read
Plural	Second-person	шъукӏогъагъ, шъуеджэгъагъ	,	You had gone, You had read
Plural	Third-person	кӏогъагъэх, еджэгъагъэх	,	They had gone, They had read

Present tense

The present tense in Adyghe has no additional suffixes, but in dynamic verbs, the pronoun prefix's vowels change form ы to э or е, for instance, сышхыгъ "I ate" becomes сэшхы "I eat", ылъэгъугъ "he saw" becomes елъэгъу "he sees".
Examples :

кӏо go → макӏо he goes
къакӏу come → къакӏо he comes
шхэ eat! → машхэ he eats
ӏо say → еӏо he says
еплъ look at → еплъы he looks at
шхы eat it → ешхы he eats it

Plurality	Person	Cyrillic	IPA	Meaning
Singular	First-person	сэкӏо, седжэ	,	I go, I read
Singular	Second-person	окӏо, уеджэ	,	You go, You read
Singular	Third-person	макӏо, еджэ	,	He goes, He reads
Plural	First-person	тэкӏо, теджэ	,	We go, We read
Plural	Second-person	шъокӏо, шъуеджэ	,	You go, You read
Plural	Third-person	макӏох, еджэх	,	They go, They read

Future tense

The future tense is normally indicated by the suffix ~щт . This tense usually expresses some certainty.
Examples :

макӏо he is going → кӏощт he will go
къакӏо he is coming → къэкӏощт he will come
машхэ he is eating → шхэщт he will eat
еӏо he says → ыӏощт he will say
еплъы he looks at → еплъыщт he will look at
ешхы he eats it → ышхыщт he will eat it

Plurality	Person	Cyrillic	IPA	Meaning
Singular	First-person	сыкӏощт, седжэщт	,	I will go, I will read
Singular	Second-person	укӏощт, уеджэщт	,	You will go, You will read
Singular	Third-person	кӏощт, еджэщт	,	He will go, He will read
Plural	First-person	тыкӏощт, теджэщт	,	We will go, We will read
Plural	Second-person	шъукӏощт, шъуеджэщт	,	You will go, You will read
Plural	Third-person	кӏощтых, еджэщтых	,	They will go, They will read

Imperfect tense">Imperfect">Imperfect tense

The imperfect tense is formed with the additional suffix ~щтыгъ to the verb. It can have meanings similar to the English "was walking" or "used to walk".
Examples :

кӏо /kʷʼa/ go → кӏощтыгъ /makʷʼaɕtəʁ/ he was going.
къакӏу /qaːkʷʼ/ come → къэкӏощтыгъ /qakʷʼaɕtəʁ/ he was coming.
шхэ /ʃxa/ eat! → шхэщтыгъ /maʃxaɕtəʁ/ he was eating.
ӏо /ʔʷa/ say → ыӏощтыгъ /jəʔʷaɕtəʁ/ he was saying.
еплъ /japɬ/ look at → еплъыщтыгъ /japɬəɕtəʁ/ he was looking at.
шхы /ʃxə/ eat it → ышхыщтыгъ /jəʃxəɕtəʁ/ he was eating it.

Plurality	Person	Cyrillic	IPA	Meaning
Singular	First-person	сыкӏощтыгъ, седжэщтыгъ	,	I was going, I was reading
Singular	Second-person	укӏощтыгъ, уеджэщтыгъ	,	You were going, You were reading
Singular	Third-person	кӏощтыгъ, еджэщтыгъ	,	he was going, he was reading
Plural	First-person	тыкӏощтыгъ, теджэщтыгъ	,	We were going, We were reading
Plural	Second-person	шъукӏощтыгъ, шъуеджэщтыгъ	,	You were going, You were reading
Plural	Third-person	кӏощтыгъэх, еджэщтыгъэх	,	They were going, They were reading

This suffix can also be used to express an action that someone used to do in the past.

Conditional perfect

The conditional perfect is indicated by the suffix ~щтыгъ /ɕtəʁ/ as well.
Examples :

кӏо go → кӏощтыгъ he would have gone.
къакӏу come → къэкӏощтыгъ he would have come
шхэ eat! → шхэщтыгъ he would have eaten.
ӏо say → ыӏощтыгъ he would have said.
еплъ look at → еплъыщтыгъ he would have looked at
шхы eat it → ышхыщтыгъ he would have eaten it.

Plurality	Person	Cyrillic	IPA	Meaning
Singular	First-person	сыкӏощтыгъ, седжэщтыгъ	,	I would have gone, I would have read
Singular	Second-person	укӏощтыгъ, уеджэщтыгъ	,	You would have gone, You would have read
Singular	Third-person	кӏощтыгъ, еджэщтыгъ	,	he would have gone, he would have read
Plural	First-person	тыкӏощтыгъ, теджэщтыгъ	,	We would have gone, We would have read
Plural	Second-person	шъукӏощтыгъ, шъуеджэщтыгъ	,	You would have gone, You would have read
Plural	Third-person	кӏощтыгъэх, еджэщтыгъэх	,	They would have gone, They would have read

Future perfect

The future perfect tense is indicated by adding the suffix ~гъэщт or ~гъагъэщт. This tense indicates action that will be finished or expected to be finished at a certain time in the future.
Examples :

кӏо go → кӏогъэщт he will have gone.
къакӏу come → къэкӏогъэщт he will have come.
шӏы do it → ышӏыгъагъэщт he will have done it.
ӏо say → ыӏогъэщт he will have said it.
еплъ look at → еплъыгъэщт he will have looked at.
шхы eat it → ышхыгъэщт he will have eaten it.

Plurality	Person	Cyrillic	IPA	Meaning
Singular	First-person	сыкӏогъэщт, седжэгъэщт	,	I will have gone, I will have read
Singular	Second-person	укӏогъэщт, уеджэгъэщт	,	You will have gone, You will have read
Singular	Third-person	кӏогъэщт, еджэгъэщт	,	he will have gone, he will have read
Plural	First-person	тыкӏогъэщт, теджэгъэщт	,	We will have gone, We will have read
Plural	Second-person	шъукӏогъэщт, шъуеджэгъэщт	,	You will have gone, You will have read
Plural	Third-person	кӏощтыгъэх, еджэгъэщтэх	,	They will have gone, They will have read

Transitivity

In Circassian the verb being transitive or intransitive is of major importance in accounting for the contrast between the two cases ergative and absolutive. The division into transitive and intransitive verbs is an important distinction because each group functions a bit differently in some grammatical aspects of the language. Each group for example has its own arrangement of prefixes and conjunctions. Circassian is an ergative–absolutive language, which means it is a language in which the subject of intransitive verbs, behave like the object of transitive verbs. This is unlike nominative–accusative languages, such as English and most other European languages, where the subject of an intransitive verb behaves grammatically like the agent of a transitive verb
Intransitive verbs in Circassian are verbs that have a subject in the absolutive case. The common definition of an intransitive verb is a verb that does not allow an object, and this is the case in Indo-European, Turkic and other languages. This is problematic in the Circassian languages, however, because in Circassian, there is a number of verbs with transitive semantics but morphological features and syntactic behavior according to the intransitive pattern. Thus, in Circassian, intransitive verbs can either have or not have objects.
Examples of intransitive verbs that have no objects:

кӏон "to go"
чъэн "to run"
шхэн "to eat"
гущыӏн "to talk"
тхэн "to write"
быбын "to fly"
чъыен "to sleep"
лӏэн "to die"
пкӏэн "to jump"
хъонэн "to curse"
хъун "to happen"
стын "to burn up"
сымэджэн "to get sick"
лъэӏон "to prey; to beg"
тхъэжьын "to be happy"

Examples of intransitive verbs that have indirect objects:

ебэун "to kiss"
еплъын "to look at"
елъэӏун "to beg to"
еджэн "to read"
есын "to swim"
еон "to hit"
ешъутырын "to kick"
еӏункӏын "to push"
ецэкъэн "to bite"
еупчӏын "to ask"
ешъон "to drink"
ежэн "to wait"
дэгущыӏэн "to speak with"
ехъонын "to curse someone"

Transitive verbs in Circassian are verbs that have a subject in the ergative case. Unlike intransitive verbs, transitive verbs always need to have an object. Most transitive verbs have one object, but there are some that have two objects or several.
Examples of transitive verbs with a direct object:

укӏын "to kill"
шхын "to eat it"
ӏыгъэн "to hold"
дзын "to throw"
лъэгъун "to see"
хьын "to carry"
шӏэн "to know"
шӏын "to do"
шӏыжьын "to fix"
гъэшхэн "to feed"
щэн "to lead someone"
тхьалэн "to strangle"
гурыӏон "to understand"
убытын "to catch; to hug"
штэн "to lift; to take"
екъутэн "to break"

Examples of transitive verbs with two objects:

ӏон "to say"
ӏотэн "to tell"
щэн "to sell"
етын "to give to"
тедзэн "to throw at"
егъэлъэгъун "to show it to"

The absolutive case in Adyghe serves to mark the noun that its state changes by the verb, for instance, in the English sentence "The man is dying", the man's state is changing by dying, so the man will get the absolutive case mark in Adyghe.
An example with an object will be "The man is stabbing its victim", here the man's state is changing because he is moving to stab, so in this case the word man will get the absolutive case mark, the verb "stab" does not indicate what happens to the victim, it just expresses the attacker's movement of assault.
Another example will be "The boy said the comforting sentence to the girl", here the sentence's state is changing by being uttered by the boy and coming to existence, so sentence will get the absolutive case mark, it is important to notice that the boy's state is not changing, the verb "said" does not express how the boy uttered the sentence.
In intransitive verbs the subject gets the absolutive case indicating that the subject is changing its state.
In transitive verbs the subject gets the ergative case indicating that the subject causes change to the direct object's state which gets the absolutive case.

Transitivity	Subject	Object
Intransitive	Absolutive	Oblique
Transitive	Ergative	Absolutive

For example, both the intransitive verb егъуин and the transitive verb дзын mean "to throw".

егъуин expresses the motion the thrower does to throw something, without indicating what is being thrown, so the thrower gets the absolutive case.
дзын expresses the movement of the object that was thrown, without indicating the target, so the thing that is being throws gets the absolutive case.

Another example is еон "to hit" and укӏын "to kill".еон describes the movement of the hitter and there is no indication of what happens to the target, so the subjects gets the absolutive case because it is the one that changes.укӏын describes a person dying by getting killed and there is no indication of how the killer does it, so the object gets the absolutive case because it is the one that changes.

Stative and dynamic verbs

Dynamic verbs express actions that are taking place while [|steady-state verbs] express the condition and the state of the subject. For example, in Adyghe, there are two verbs for "standing", one is a dynamic verb and the other is a steady-state verb:

steady-state: The verb щыт expresses someone in a standing state.
dynamic: The verb къэтэджын expresses the process of someone moving its body to stand up from a sitting state or a lying state.

Examples of dynamic verbs:

ар макӏо - "he is going".
ар мэчъые - "he is sleeping".
ар еджэ - "he is reading it".
ащ еукӏы - "he is killing it".
ащ елъэгъу - "he sees it".
ащ еӏо - "he says it".

Examples of steady state verbs:

ар щыс - "he is sitting".
ар тет - "he is standing on".
ар цӏыф - "he is a person".
ар щыӏ - "he exists".
ар илъ - "he is lying inside".
ар фай - "he wants".
ащ иӏ - "he has".
ащ икӏас - "he likes".

Verb valency

Verb valency is the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate. Verbs in Adyghe can be monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, possibly also quadrivalent.
For example, the verb макӏо "he is going" has one argument, the verb ео "he is hitting it" has two arguments, the verb реӏо "he is saying it to him/her" has three arguments.

Monovalent verbs

Monovalent verbs can only be intransitive having one argument, an absolutive subject with no objects.

Monovalent	Subject	Direct object	Indirect object
Intransitive	Absolutive	-	-
Transitive	-	-	-

Examples :

кӏалэр макӏо the boy is going.
кӏалэр мачъэ the boy is running.
кӏалэр машхэ the boy is eating.
кӏалэр маплъэ the boy is looking.
кӏалэр мэгущыӏэ the boy is speaking.
кӏалэр малӏэ the boy is dying.

Bivalent verbs

Bivalent verbs in Adyghe can be either intransitive or transitive.

Bivalent	Subject	Direct object	Indirect object
Intransitive	Absolutive	-	Oblique
Transitive	Ergative	Absolutive	-

Intransitive bivalent verbs

In a sentence with an intransitive bivalent verb :

The subject is in the absolutive case.
The indirect object is in the oblique case.

This indicates that the subject is changing by doing the verb.
Examples :

кӏалэр егупшысэ the boy is thinking of...
кӏалэр ео the boy is playing a...
кӏалэр еджэ the boy is reading a...
кӏалэр еплъы the boy is looking at...
кӏалэр еупчӏы the boy is asking a...
кӏалэр елӏыкӏы the boy is dying of...
кӏалэр ебэу the boy is kissing a...

Transitive bivalent verbs

In a sentence with a transitive bivalent verbs:

The subject is in ergative case.
The direct object is in absolutive case.

This indicates that the subject causes change to the object.
Examples:

кӏалэм елъэгъу the boy is seeing a.
кӏалэм ешхы the boy is eating it.
кӏалэм егъакӏо the boy is making someone go.
кӏалэм екъутэ the boy is destroying the.
кӏалэм еукӏы the boy is killing a.
кӏалэм едзы the boy is throwing a.

In transitive verbs the left prefix pronoun is the object while the right prefix pronoun is the subject, for example in 2=осэгъакӏо "I am making you go", the left prefix pronoun о "you" is the object while the right prefix pronoun сэ "I" is the subject.

Trivalent verbs

Trivalent verbs require three arguments: a subject, a direct object and an indirect object:

The subject is in ergative case.
The direct object is in absolutive case.
The indirect object is in oblique case.

Most trivalent verbs in Adyghe are created by adding the causative prefix гъэ~ to bivalent verbs. The causative prefix increases the valency of the verb by one and forms a transitive, thus bivalent verbs become trivalent. Intransitive bivalent verbs that become trivalent have different conjunction than transitive bivalent verbs that become trivalent, thus we end up with two types of trivalent verbs.
To form a trivalent verb one must take a bivalent verb, add the causative prefix гъэ~ and the subject's pronoun prefix to the right.
Examples with intransitive verbs:

ео "he is hitting him/it" → 2=ебэгъао "You are making him hit him/it".
уеджэ "you are reading it" → 2=уесэгъаджэ "I am making you read it".
усэплъы "I am looking at you" → 2=усэзэгъэплъы "I am making myself look at you".
укъысэупчӏы "you are asking me" → 2=укъысегъэупчӏы "he is making you ask me".

Examples with transitive verbs:

едзы "he is throwing him/it" → 2=ебэгъэдзы "You are making him throw him/it".
ошхы "you are eating it" → 2=осэгъэшхы "I am making you eat it".
осэлъэгъу "I am seeing you" → 2=осэзэгъэлъэгъу "I am making myself see you".
сэбэукӏы "you are killing me" → 2=сэуегъэукӏы "he is making you kill me".

Trivalent	Subject	Direct object	Indirect object
Transitive with intransitive root	Ergative	Absolutive	Oblique
Transitive	Ergative	Absolutive	Oblique

Intransitive verbs to trivalent

These verbs are formed by adding the causative prefix to intransitive bivalent verbs, increasing their valency and making them transitive.
Examples:

кӏалэм регъаджэ the boy is making him read it.
кӏалэм регъэплъы the boy is making him watch it.
кӏалэм регъэджыджэхы the boy is making him roll down it.

The conjugation of the trivalent verb with an intransitive origin:

The first prefix indicates the direct object.
The second prefix indicates the indirect object.
The third prefix indicates the subject.

Transitive verbs to trivalent

These verbs can be formed by adding the causative prefix to transitive bivalent verbs. There are some exceptional transitive verbs that are trivalent by default without any increasing valency prefixes such as етын "to give".
Examples :

кӏалэм реӏо the boy is saying it to him.
кӏалэм реты the boy is giving it to him.
кӏалэм редзы the boy is signing it on something.
кӏалэм къыӏепхъуатэ the boy snatches it from him.
уесэубытэ "I am holding you forcefully in it".
уесэӏуатэ "I snitching you to him".
уесэты "I am giving you to him".
уесэгъэлъэгъу "I am making him see you".

The conjugation of the trivalent verb with a transitive origin:

The first prefix indicates the indirect object.
The second prefix indicates the direct object.
The third prefix indicates the subject.

Infinitives

Adyghe infinitives are created by suffixing -н to verbs. For example:
Along with roots, verbs already inflected can be conjugated, such as with person:
Also, due to the interchangeability of nouns and verbs, infinitives can be constructed from nouns, resulting in verbs that describe the state of being the suffixed word.

Morphology

In Circassian, morphology is the most important part of the grammar. A Circassian word, besides that it has its own lexical meaning, sometimes, by the set of morphemes it is built of and by their aggregate grammatical meanings, can reproduce a sentence. For example, a verb by its set of morphemes can express subject's and object's person, place, time, manner of action, negative, and other types of grammatical categories.
Negative form

Prefixes

In Adyghe, most verbal prefixes either express direction or valency increasing.

Negative form

In Circassian, negative form of a word can be expressed with two different morphemes, each being suited for different situations.
Negative form can be expressed with the infix ~мы~. For example:
Negative form can also be expressed with the prefix ~эп, which usually goes after the suffixes of time-tenses. For example:

Causative

The prefix гъэ~ designates causation. It expresses the idea of enforcement or allowance. It can also be described as making the object do something. for example:
Examples:

Comitative

The prefix д~ designates action performed with somebody else, or stay/sojourn with somebody.
Examples:

Benefactive

The prefix ф~ designates action performed to please somebody, for somebody's sake or in somebody's interests.
Examples:

[Malefactive]

The prefix шӏу~ designates action done against somebody's interest or will. The prefix also strongly indicates taking something away from someone by doing the action or taking a certain opportunity away from somebody else by doing the action.
Examples:

Suffixes

Frequentative

The verbal suffix ~жь designates recurrence/repetition of action.
Examples:
This verbal suffix can also be used to designates continuum, meaning, an action that was paused in the past and is being continued, for example:

Duration

The verbal suffix ~эу designates action that takes place during other actions.
Examples:

Capability

The verbal suffix ~шъу designates the ability to perform the indicated action.
Examples:

Manner

The verbal suffix ~акӏэ expresses the manner in which the verb was done. It turns the verb into a noun.
Examples:
A similar expression can be expressed by adding the prefix зэрэ~ and a noun case to the verb, but this behaves differently than the previous one.
Examples:

[Imperative mood]

The imperative mood of the second person singular has no additional affixes:

штэ "take"
кӏо "go"
тхы "write"
шхэ "eat"

When addressing to several people, The prefix шъу- /ʃʷə-/ is added:

шъушт "take "
шъукӏу "go "
шъутх "write "
шъушх "eat "

Positional conjugation

In Adyghe, the positional prefixes are expressing being in different positions and places and can also express the direction of the verb. Here is the positional conjugation of some dynamic verbs, showing how the prefix changes the indicated direction of the verb:
Here is the positional conjugation of some steady-state verbs, showing how the root changes the indicated position:

	prefix	stands	sits	lies
Body position/Pose	щы~	щыт	щыс	щылъ
On	те~	тет	тес	телъ
Under	чӏэ~	чӏэт	чӏэс	чӏэлъ
Among	хэ~	хэт	хэс	хэлъ
Within some mass	хэ~	хэт	хэс	хэлъ
Within some area	дэ~	дэт	дэс	дэлъ
Inside an object	дэ~	дэт	дэс	дэлъ
Around	ӏу~	ӏут	ӏyc	ӏулъ
Inside	и~	ит	иc	илъ
Hanged	пы~	пыт	пыc	пылъ
Attached	пы~	пыт	пыc	пылъ
Behind	къо~	къот	къоc	къолъ
Aside	го~	гот	гоc	голъ
Inside within	кӏоцӏы~	кӏоцӏыт	кӏоцӏыc	кӏоцӏылъ

Direction

In Adyghe verbs indicate the direction they are directed at. They can indicate the direction from different points of view by adding the fitting prefixes or changing the right vowels.

Towards and off

In Adyghe, the positional conjugation prefixes in the transitive verbs are indicating the direction of the verb. According to the verb's vowels, it can be described if the verb is done toward the indicated direction or off it. Usually high vowels designates that the verb is done towards the indicated direction while low vowels designates that the verb is done off the indicated direction. For example:

The word дзын /d͡zən/ "to throw" :

Cislocative prefix">Andative and venitive">Cislocative prefix

The cislocative prefix is a type of verbal deixis that designates orientation towards the deictic center, in the simplest case towards the speaker. In Adyghe, verbs by default are andative while verbs that have къы~ are venitive.
For example:

макӏо he goes → къакӏо he comes
мачъэ he runs → къачъэ he runs
маплъэ he looks → къаплъэ he looks
ехьэ he goes in → къехьэ he comes in
ехьы he takes to → къехьы he brings
нэсы he reaches → къэсы he arrives

When speaking to someone, the prefix къэ~ /qa~/ can be used to indicate that the verb is directed at him, for example :

сэкӏо "I go" → сыкъакӏо "I come"
сэчъэ "I run" → сыкъачъэ "I run toward you"
сэплъэ "I look" → сыкъаплъэ "I look toward you"
техьэ "we enter" → тыкъехьэ "we enter"
тынэсы "we reach" → тыкъэсы "we arrive"

In intransitive verbs, it can also be used to exchange the subject and the object in a sentence, for example :

сыфэд "I am like him" → къысфэд "he is like me"
сыдакӏо "I am going with him" → къыздакӏо "he is coming with me"
сыфэлажьэ "I am working for him" → къысфэлажьэ "he is working for me"
удашхэ "you are eating with him" → къыбдашхэ "he is eating with you"
сыфэлажьэ "I am working for him" → къысфэлажьэ "he is working for me"
усэплъы "I am looking at you" → укъысэплъы "you are looking at me"
уеплъы "you are looking at him" → къыоплъы "he is looking at you"