Acral persistent papular mucinosis
Acral persistent papular mucinosis is a rare form of lichen myxedematosus. It is characterized by small papules on the backs of the hands, wrists, and extensor aspects of the distal forearms, with no further clinical or laboratory indications. Lesions tend to persist and may grow in number gradually. Because there are no symptoms, treatment is rarely required.
Signs and symptoms
Acral persistent papular mucinosis is a chronic idiopathic cutaneous mucinosis with the following characteristics:- Papules, nodules, and/or plaques of lichenoid origin
- Mucin deposition in conjunction with varying degrees of dermal fibrosis and fibroblast proliferation
- The absence of thyroid disease.
Causes
The cause of Acral persistent papular mucinosis is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors appear to play a role, as familial cases have been reported. TNF-α and TGF-β have been proposed to stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis, however, the exact triggers are unknown.Diagnosis
Histologically, hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue staining show mucin accumulation in the upper reticular dermis, as well as collagen fiber separation due to hyaluronic acid deposition. Mucin accumulation may result in epidermis thinning. Fibroblast proliferation is sometimes increased.Differential diagnosis
In addition to various forms of mucinosis, the differential diagnosis includes a range of papular diseases such as granuloma annulare, molluscum contagiosum, acrokeratoelastoidosis, lichen amyloidosis, lichen planus, and eruptive collagenoma. The exact positions of the lesions and findings on histopathology using alcian blue stain aid in the diagnosis. APPM should be distinguished from the discrete papular form of lichen myxedematosus, which is considered another subtype of lichen myxedematosus. Papules in DPLM can affect any part of the body, typically in an asymmetrical pattern. Histologically, DPLM has more diffuse and interstitial mucin deposition in the upper to mid dermis, at times with increased fibroblasts.One may also take into consideration self-healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis. In contrast, SHJCM is typified by an acute popular eruption that can combine to form linear infiltrated plaques on the face, neck, scalp, abdomen, and/or thighs. In addition, SHJCM is linked to fever, arthralgia, weakness, and tenderness in the muscles in children. Mucinous subcutaneous nodules on the face, sometimes associated with periorbital swelling, and on the periarticular areas are prominent features. A papule exhibits mucin dermal deposition with a perivascular inflammatory infiltrate, whereas nodules exhibit fibroblastic reactive proliferation that involves the subcutaneous fat, akin to nodular or proliferative fasciitis, with mucin deposited throughout the dermis and subcutis. Usually, spontaneous resolution happens in a few weeks to several months.
Finally, the most important differential diagnosis is scleromyxedema. Localized lichen myxedematosus and scleromyxedema were once thought to be the same disease, but they are actually part of a spectrum in the context of primary cutaneous mucinoses. Clinical, histologic, and laboratory findings can help differentiate between the two disorders. Clinically, scleromyxedema tends to be diffuse and sclerodermoid, with systemic manifestations similar to scleroderma. Scleromyxedema's classic histopathologic findings are a microscopic triad of mucin deposition, fibroblast proliferation, and fibrosis, or, in rare cases, an interstitial granuloma annulare-like pattern. Scleromyxedema, unlike APPM, occurs in association with monoclonal gammopathy and can have a wide range of systemic manifestations, including neurologic, rheumatologic, pulmonary, and cardiovascular indications.